Gay and Lesbian Liberation Essay example -- Homosexuality

Generations ago, the United States was a country of the male wardrobe. Todays movements for the rights of lesbian, aerial, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community argon leveraging the existence of more globalized and open systems. Besides, the promotion of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender population have been acknowledged through smart partnerships within conventional, political and economic scene, art object the males and heterosexuals are still pervasive. This paper will focus on the oppression of the LGBT population denying their human rights. However, at the same token showing their struggle to in conclusion be accepted in society to some degree will be addressed as well. The gay and Lesbian liberation movement presented the subsequent involvement of the bisexual and transgendered groups. This was considered a significant social force that introduced the reality of this culture during the last several decades. Fortunately, the individuals who had been profoun dly isolated from traditional sources gained some support. The sources implicate family members, friends and communities. Unfortunately, the LGBT population encountered harsh treatment by their oppressors, as many people were against their way of life. Many of these LGBT individuals were terrorized by other individuals, which also resulted in death. A contentious issues regarding the LGBT population, particularly gays and lesbian has been their privilege to be married. Homosexuality was decriminalized in most states in the Americas. However, homosexuality remains criminally punishable in Guyana, to Belize and part of Caribbean islands (in Jamaica, in Dominica in Saint Lucia, in Barbados, in St. Vincent and the Grenadines in Grenada, in Trinidad and Tobago to Antigua a... ...tudies from 19782000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology vol. 43 pp. 335351 Bawer, Bruce (1993) A Place at the Table The brave Individual in American Society. New York Touchstone BooksBoswell, J. (1994). Same-sex unions in pre-modern Europe. New York Villard.Dexter, P. (2003). Countering the counterfeit A case for traditional marriage. .Miller, A. V. (2000). Our own voices a directory of lesbian and gay periodicals, 1890s-2000s, Canadian Gay and Lesbian Archives http/ / www.clga.ca One, Inc. v. Olesen, 355 U.S. 371Rasmussen, M. and Kenway, J. (2004), Queering the youthful cyberflaneur Globalizing identities, consuming queers Issues in education and globalization, Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education vol. 2 no. (1). pp. 4763.Streitmatter, R. (1995). Unspeakable The rise of the gay and lesbian press in America, Boston Faber & Faber

Floating Point Coprocessors :: essays research papers

Floating Point CoprocessorsThe designer of any microprocessor would like to extend its instruction deposit almost infinitely only is limited by the quantity of silicon available (notto mention the problems of testability and complexity). Consequently, a realmicroprocessor represents a compromise amidst what is plummy and what isacceptable to the majority of the chips users. For example, the 68020microprocessor is not optimized for calculations that require a large volume ofscientific (i.e. floating point) calculations. One method to significantlyenhance the performance of much(prenominal) a microprocessor is to add a coprocessor. Toincrease the power of a microprocessor, it does not suffice to add a few more instruction manual to the instruction set, but it involves adding an auxiliaryprocessor that works in parallel to the MPU (Micro Processing Unit). A systeminvolving concurrently operating processors can be very complex, since there bring to be dedicated communication paths b etween the processors, as well assoftware to divide the tasks among them. A practical multiprocessing systemshould be as simple as possible and require a minimum overhead in terms of bothhardware and software. There are various techniques of arrangement a coprocessoralongside a microprocessor. One technique is to provide the coprocessor with aninstruction interpreter and program counter. Each instruction fetched frommemory is examined by both the MPU and the coprocessor. If it is a MPUinstruction, the MPU executes it otherwise the coprocessor executes it. It canbe seen that this solution is feasible, but by no means simple, as it would bedifficult to keep the MPU and coprocessor in step. Another technique is to equipthe microprocessor with a special bus to communicate with the externalcoprocessor. Whenever the microprocessor encounters an operation that requiresthe intervention of the coprocessor, the special bus provides a dedicated high-speed communication between the MPU and th e coprocessor. Once again, thissolution is not simple. There are more methods of connecting two (or more)concurrently operating processors, which will be covered in more period duringthe specific discussions of the Intel and Motorola floating point coprocessors.Motorola Floating Point Coprocessor (FPC) 68882The designers of the 68000-family coprocessors decided to implementcoprocessors that could work with existing and future generations ofmicroprocessors with minimal hardware and software overhead. The actual get ontaken by the Motorola engineers was to tightly couple the coprocessor to thehost microprocessor and to treat the coprocessor as a memory-mapped peripherallying inside the CPU address space. In effect, the MPU fetches instructions frommemory, and, if an instruction is a coprocessor instruction, the MPU passes it

Albania Essay -- essays research papers

Albania The Development of a Developing CountryAlbania, a small country located in Southeastern Europe, is a nation that does not have a true identity its people are Muslim and Christian, it is a country that is some(prenominal) and poor, it is as much urban as it is rural, and has evolved from monarchy to socialism and now to fledgling majority rule. In other words, Albania and its people have seen it all. The extremes of Albanian society are vivid, and profound tensions are evident. But Albania is not another Yugoslavia there is no doubt that the internal environment of Albania has been and somewhat continues to be tense, although the breaking point has never been to the full reached. Albania is a country with a fervently tense past (especially during the Cold War era), yet many people do not know just about it, and few would be able to find the country on the map. contempt its beautiful during, its plentiful natural resources, and its extraordinary tradition of hospitalit y, Albania has always been the most set-apart country in Europe and from World War II until very recently, one of the most isolated countries on earth (Real Adventures Albania 1).Amongst the booming economies of Europe, Albania is markedly poor, and is trying to make the difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy. In addition, the government is taking steps to encourage economic growth as well as trade. Albania, according to 2003 estimates, has a GDP of $16.13 billion, with a per capita GDP of $4,500 (Albania CIA Factbook 2) This is an improvement over the Cold War era, in which Albanias economy was a complete disaster still, however, Albanias economy is considerably weak compared to its European neighbors. The economy is helped by remittances from people abroad of $400-$600 million annually, mostly from Greece and Italy, and this money helps dismay the sizable trade deficit (Real Adventures Albania 1). Agriculture, which accounts for half of Albanias GDP, is fr equently stifled beca persona of recurring drought and the burden of having to modernize their equipment and trying to make use of sparse land. What also complicates economic matters is that there have been severe energy shortages, and old-fashioned and highly inadequate infrastructure makes it difficult to attract large-scale inter depicted object investment, which accounts for 18.7 % of Albanias GDP (according to 2003 estimates... ...r (Clunies 133). Homelessness and hunger are higher now than under the Communists Communications. Meanwhile, protests in Albania continued, leading to the removal of several hard-line Communists from the government and party Politburo. Despite its isolation for decades and its ruling by a repressive regime that denied them their most elementary rights, the Albanians have undergone significant cultural, social, and economic transformations they are no longer a largely uneducated peasant education, characterized by a clan mentality, as often portrayed by the Western media (Clunies 149). The majority of the Albanians evidently recognize that national reconciliation, a major aspect of the program of the Democratic Party, is the best way for the successful revival of their poverty-stricken country. Albania is endowed with considerable mineral resources and has a young, energizing population, eager to join the rest of the world. Now as it enters the post dictatorship phase, it desperately needs the assistance and friendship of the outside world. Without that assistance, Albanias fledgling democracy may be doomed for failure before it even begins to grow.

What The Human Genome Revolution Could Mean For Me And The Rio Grande V

What The Human Genome Revolution Could Mean For Me And The Rio Grande Valley The human genome conversion will have as big an impact on the average person as it does on the scientist researching it. Millions of people throughout the world will benefit from this experimentation. Understanding genetic material and the ability to pinpoint errors in genes, may lead to the delayion of many genetic diseases. The ultimate goal is to use research to develop new ways to treat, c are, or even prevent the thousands of diseases that afflict humankind. Although the scientific community delivers many contributions to this scientific accomplishment, the road to a new age of disease free human life is long and bouldered with struggles and disbelief. Whether inherited or resulting from the bodys response to environmental stresses, all diseases have a genetic component. The advances in this field hold an excellent future(a) for treating and curing genetic diseases. Scientists can do this by using normal genes to supplement defective genes and to bolster immunity to disease. In the Rio Grande Valley, an area dominated by Hispanic ancestry, many genetic diseases, such as diabetes, are common illnesses suffered by many people. According to the Mendelian Laws of Heredity, diabetes is an inherited disease, resulting from a recessive trait and affecting millions of people throughout the United States, especially people of Hispanic origins. When the body cannot make full use of some foods we eat, mainly carbohydrates of sugars and starches, a oversize gland under the stomach called the pancreas does not make available enough insulin to burn these foods as energy or sto... ...ent of most, if not all, human diseases. The human genome revolution affects the Rio Grande Valley and myself because it will help to treat and prevent genetic diseases that others and I may be afflicted by. This research i s important, especially to couples, because every baby natural deserves a chance in life in a disease free world. The research is also significant to those who suffer from diabetes they too deserve a life free of physical illnesses and constant medical care. In my life, I personally know and love many people that have been affected by these genetic diseases and helping them receive treatment will be the greatest gift of love I could ever offer. I know there are also many people that feel the same, because everyone has a special person in their life, a family member, friend, peer or acquaintance that will benefit from this infrequent research.

Essay on Morality in Dante’s Inferno, Hamlet, The Trial, and Joyce’s Th

Changing Morality in Dantes Inferno, Hamlet, The Trial, and Joyces The Dead Everyone remembers the nasty villains that terrorize the happy people in fairy tales. Indeed, many of these fairy tales are defined by their clearly defined good and bad archetypes, using clichd physical stereotypes. What is noteworthy is that these fairy tales are predominately each old themselves or based on stories of antiquity. Modern stories and epics do not offer these clear definitions they force the reader to continually redefine the definitions of morality to the sensation that is not fully good and the villain that is not so despicable. From Dantes Inferno, through the winding mental visions in Shakespeares Hamlet, spiraling through the snarl in Kafkas The Trial, and culminating in Joyces abstract realization of morality in The Dead, authors grapple with this development. In the literary progression to the modern world, the increasing generalization of evil from its classic archetype to a fore ign, supernatural entity without bounds or cure is strongly suggestive of the pugnacious assault on individualism in the face of literatures dualistic, thematically oligopolistic heritage. In analyzing this gradient of morality, it is useful first to examine a work from early literature whose strong accolade of morality is unwavering for the purposes of this discussion, Dantes Inferno provides this model. It is fairly straightforward to discover Dantes dualistic construction of morality in his winding caverns of Hell each stern, finite circle of Hell is associated with a clear sin that is both definable and directly punishable. As Dante moves downwards in this moral machination, he notes that exchangeable lies with like in every h... ...akespearean Criticism. Ed. Laurie Lanzen Harris. Vol. 1. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1984. 234-7. Fort, Keith. The Function of Style in Franz Kafkas The Trial. Sewanee Review 72 (1964) 643-51. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed . Dennis Poupard and Paula Kepos. Vol. 29. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1988. 198-200. Joyce, James. Dubliners. Ed. Robert Scholes. untested York, Penguin/Viking, 1996. Kafka, Franz. The Trial. Trans. Willa and Edwin Muir. New York Schocken Books, 1992. Ruskin, John. Grotesque Renaissance. The Stones of Venice The Fall. 1853. New York Garland Publishing, 1979. 112-65. Rpt. in Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism. Ed. Jelena O. Krstovic. Vol. 2. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1989. 21-2. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. T. J. B. Spencer. New York Penguin, 1996.

Essay on Morality in Dante’s Inferno, Hamlet, The Trial, and Joyce’s Th

Changing Morality in Dantes Inferno, Hamlet, The Trial, and Joyces The Dead Everyone remembers the nasty villains that terrorize the happy people in world-beater tales. Indeed, many of these fairy tales be defined by their clearly defined good and bad archetypes, using clichd physical stereotypes. What is noteworthy is that these fairy tales are predominately either old themselves or based on stories of antiquity. Modern stories and epics do not offer these clear definitions they force the reader to continually redefine the definitions of holiness to the hero that is not fully good and the villain that is not so despicable. From Dantes Inferno, through with(predicate) the winding mental visions in Shakespeares Hamlet, spiraling through the labyrinth in Kafkas The Trial, and culminating in Joyces abstract realization of morality in The Dead, authors grapple with this development. In the literary progression to the modern world, the increase abstraction of evil from its classic archetype to a foreign, supernatural entity without bounds or cure is untroubledly suggestive of the pugnacious assault on individualism in the face of literatures dualistic, thematically oligopolistic heritage. In analyzing this gradient of morality, it is useful first to examine a work from early literature whose strong purity of morality is unwavering for the purposes of this discussion, Dantes Inferno provides this model. It is fairly straightforward to discover Dantes dualistic construction of morality in his winding caverns of funny farm each stern, finite circle of Hell is associated with a clear sin that is both definable and directly punishable. As Dante moves downwards in this moral machination, he notes that Like lies with like in every h... ...akespearean Criticism. Ed. Laurie Lanzen Harris. Vol. 1. Detroit Gale research Company, 1984. 234-7. Fort, Keith. The Function of Style in Franz Kafkas The Trial. Sewanee Review 72 (1964) 643-51. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century L iterary Criticism. Ed. Dennis Poupard and Paula Kepos. Vol. 29. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1988. 198-200. Joyce, James. Dubliners. Ed. Robert Scholes. New York, Penguin/Viking, 1996. Kafka, Franz. The Trial. Trans. Willa and Edwin Muir. New York Schocken Books, 1992. Ruskin, John. Grotesque Renaissance. The Stones of Venice The Fall. 1853. New York Garland Publishing, 1979. 112-65. Rpt. in Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism. Ed. Jelena O. Krstovic. Vol. 2. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1989. 21-2. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. T. J. B. Spencer. New York Penguin, 1996.

Portraying A Scene from Hamlet Essay

hamlet the melancholy tale of the Prince of Denmark has some of the most difficult characters to portray on breaker point. Caught in the machinations of a connive Claudius and a betraying m other, the dilemmas of Hamlets character are the result of his reflective nature rendering him susceptible to shifting moods (Shakespeare, 1982). thusly he may appear indecisive at times while rash and impulsive at others. Yet the key driver of the plot is the intrigues of Claudius the main antagonist who has acquired the throne of Denmark subsequently destruction of his elder brother.Claudius has another lust that for Gertrude, Hamlets mother and very shrewdly exploits her weak character. The scheming of Claudius is central to this theme and Act I, Scene II is most elucidative in this respect. The Scene allow for connect with Act I, Scene I, where Hamlets friends have seen the ghost of his fuck off looming in the darkness. Thus the lighting depart have to denote a dark background initial ly change magnitude gradually as Claudius makes his ingress into the court.Claudius is to be shown in a garrulous mood, indicating his triumph of claiming the throne as well as the hand of the Queen, Gertrude. His dress, demeanor and outlook exit be positive and endearing to the audience. Gertrude on the other hand though dressed in regal clothes will denote a melancholy strain in her overall attire, voice and will be shown seeking reassurance in Claudius. Hamlet is still in mourning and his mood will be reflected in the dress to make it very plain to the audience. The speech by Claudius to the courtiers will connect him with the audience.Thus all lights will have to be revolve arounded on him sitting on the throne which will be raised on a pedestal. Gertrude sitting beside him will be at a lower level and a third level will be made for Hamlet. The courtiers will be seated on each side in two to three rows leaving the central space for entry and exit. As Claudius explains to th e courtiers the background of his decision to be crowned and marriage to Gertrude, the stage will be brightly lit and lights will on him and Gertrude, shifting focus based on emphasis of his speech.A huge pictorial of the kingdom of Denmark will be in the background, which will be computer simulated towards which the male monarch will gesticulate while explaining his rationale of saving the country. Appropriate lighting from the rear will denote gloom as Claudius explains his reason and brightness after his ascending the throne. Hamlet will enter late in the Scene, slouching to his seat making his mood absolutely evident to the male monarch as well as his mother. This will excessively set the stage for Claudiuss dialogue explaining his position.His proposal for celebrations and the Kings Ro map will be denoted through background sounds of festivity. As the King and Queen leave the stage, the lighting will be subtly subdued to represent the gloom in Hamlets mind. Against this low lights and sounds of celebrations in distance, the sorrow pervading Hamlets mind can be effectively portrayed. As Horatio enters, slowly Hamlet will return to reality and prospects of meeting his fathers soul will drive away his gloom.Here again the effects of lighting and sound will be used to accentuate the disagreement in disposition brought about after Horatios declaration of having seen the ghost. As Horatio explains this on the side wings, movement of a ghost will be shown with Hamlet attempting to contact it, thereby showing his attachment to his fathers spirit as well as a sign of hope. At this time the stage will be fully lit while the sound of celebrations in the distance will also increase to indicate that now Hamlet was also full of hope. Coming after this is Scene III which introduces, Hamlets love Ophelia.This is ideally situated by Shakespeare, creating anxiety in the audience and increasing hope in Hamlet before the play moves on to Scene IV where Hamlet actually go es in search of the spirit with Horatio. The impatience of the scheming Claudius, the failings of Gertrude and the dilemma of Hamlet in Act I Scene II, sets the stage for unfolding of the plot ahead. The portrayal has to denote transformation from the dark moments of the ghost of King Hamlet in Act I Scene I and the cheery atmosphere portrayed by Claudius leading to the Kings Rouse.To a moderne audience, witness to breakdown of the institution of marriage, Claudiuss wedding to Gertrude so soon after the death of her previous husband may not appear as incredulous as it had been to the courtiers of Denmark. However still the depiction will have to be provided necessary back up through background sound, lights and skillful use of backdrop.Reference 1. Shakespeare, William. (1982). Four Great Tragedies. Revised Edition. New York Signet Classics.

Competitive Landscape in Commercial Real Estate

Home Property Types Retail Clash of the Titans Regional center of attention REITs Fight for Limited dismission Development Opportunities Clash of the Titans Regional Mall REITs Fight for Limited Outlet Development Opportunities May 9, 2012 1254 PM, By Elaine Misonzhnik, Senior Associate Editor In the fall of 2010 executives with Taubman Centers Inc. , a Bloomfield Hills, Mich. -based regional piazza REIT, began talking ab bulge the REITs new avenue for ontogeny button centers. Article Tools ? Latest NewsMore Latest News Taubman had recently completed the conversion of its Great Lakes Crossing property in Auburn Hills, Mich. , a 1. 35-million-sq. -ft. enclosed regional mall, into Great Lakes Crossing Outlets. Taubman was equal to(p) to sign up legion(predicate) tenants that were not present elsewhere in Michigan, including Bass Pro Shops Outdoor World, Disney Store Outlet and Rainforest Cafe. Great Lakes Crossing Outlets was attracting both local shoppers and Canadians from across the Detroit River. As a result, the centers sales per sq. ft. umbers flush signifi rumptly, union officials said during wage calls. The success in Auburn Hills helped convince Taubmans management to capitalize on growthal vent center opportunities. Besides, in a food market unadulterated with fortress malls and lifestyle centers, way out centers represented whiz of the finish opportunities for ground-up turn. Robert S. Taubman, the REITs chairman, president and chief executive officer, laid out a goal of starting from five to 10 electrical wall plug centers in the span of a decade. Among the first such undertakings Taubman pursued was a site in Manvel, Texas, near Houston.The site commandmed a good check into for Taubmans target proceeds center sales level of at least $400 per sq. ft. The median household in fall down in Manvel is $65,864 a year, more than $15,000 high than the median household income for the state as a whole. In addition, the towns proxim ity to Houston would give Taubman access to 2 million potential shoppers. Taubmans Texas ambitions, however, did not pan out. Both Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, a Greensboro, N. C. -based REIT that specializes in effect center development, and Simon Property meeting, the enormousst retail landlord in the country in both the regional mall and outlet center atomic number 18nas, had laid claims to outlet center development sites in nearby Texas City, just 22 miles away. According to brokers familiar with the market, the greater Houston rural ara could not support two, let alone three, outlet centers. In June 2011, Simon and Tanger took a decisive step to win the market by announcing that they would partner to build a 350,000-sq. -ft. joint development in Texas City under Tangers brand name. It marked the first joint venture development partnership in Tangers history.Ultimately, the two firms ascertaind to work together on one large outlet center rather than sp blockade money fi ghting each other, says Michael Rodenas, nous with Rodenas Consulting, a national consulting firm that specializes in shopping centers and malls. As a result, Taubman quietly retreated from the market. In July 2011, while discussing the companys earnings for the irregular quarter, Robert Taubman admitted to analysts that outlets constitute a very competitive space. Its a very competitive world out in that respect in development generally. He reiterated the companys commitment to investing in outlet centers both in U.S. and in Asia, but refused to discuss the Texas project. The Houston saga wasnt the notwithstanding time Taubman and Simon came to loggerheads in the outlet space. In early April, Simon and Taubman each issued press releases about competing outlet center projects in Chesterfield, Mo. , another market where trade area demographics seem to dictate that only one outlet development can succeed. On Apr. 3, Simon revealed that Saks Fifth Avenue cancelled 5th agreed to a nchor its St. Louis Premium Outlets, an outlet center slated to dribble at least 350,000 sq. ft. of space. (St.Louis Premium Outlets is a product of a joint venture between Simon, Woodmont Outlets and EWB Development LLC, all experienced outlet center developers. ) ii days later, Taubman announced it broke ground for Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield, a 450,000-sq. -ft. center. Taubmans press release noted that it had firm commitments from a number of tenants, but did not identify any retailers by name. It is likely that only one of those two centers will get built in Chesterfield. Weve said in public, I think, Simon has said publicly that there is only going to be one project built in St.Louis, Robert Taubman said during the firms first quarter earnings call. We are way ahead, on a much better site with much better access, much better visibility. So to us its very clear up as to which project is going to be built. Most industry sources, however, are putting their money on Simon because of the firms size, its real network of relationships in the outlet center industry and the fact that it has already bagged a major tenant. The large regional mall players, including Simon, Taubman, Macerich Co. CBL & Associates Properties and others, occupy all made overtures to enter the outlet space. But with limited opportunities for development and an existing group of experienced landlords already competing there, these battlescompeting press releases, wars of words and unconventional partnerships are likely to continue to play out repeatedly throughout the country. CBL & Associates recently invested in The Outlet Shoppes in El Paso (Texas). Last spring, both Simon and Tanger announced outlet center projects in the town of Halton Hills, a suburb of Toronto.Tanger has since moved its project further away and will build it as an outlet addition to Heartland Town Centre, one of Canadas largest power centers. Simon, meanwhile, started construction on its original s ite in Halton Hills in April. And in the Chicago area, Macerich and AWE Talisman have announced plans to build a $200 million, 528,000-sq. -ft. outlet center in Rosemont while Craig Realty Group, a privately held outlet center developer, has ambitions to develop Chicagoland Outlets at Country Club Hills, a 408,500-sq. -ft. project.Simon Property Group declined to comment for this article. Tanger, Taubman, Macerich and Craig Realty Group, meanwhile, did not respond to calls for comments. The problem isas we saw when developers started to roll out lifestyle centersthat everyone goes after the akin markets, says Jeff Green, president of Jeff Green Partners, a Phoenix-based consulting firm. And many times the newer folks to the outlet industry are going to find that its a much harder industry to get into when there are relationships that have been in place for so many years. In certain isolated instances, uch as the one near Houston, two big developers might variety show joint ventur es because one of them holds a better site while the other wields more power with retailers. Such examples, however, will be few and far between, gibe to Richard Hauer, managing director of business restructuring services at BDO, a New York City-based consulting firm. Let me put it this way Neither Simon nor Taubman is going to build a second-rate outlet mall, he says. So if the first guy can get Coach and Polo and Saks and a few of those names that every outlet mall really wants, youll see the other guy back down. Mass appeal The reasons the outlet sector has suddenly become overcrowded are easy to trace. During the downturn, outlet center sales blush wine while mall sales fell or remained flat because shoppers were suddenly attracted to outlets value proposition. Whats more, as these centers moved closer to urban areas and proved that they can work in close proximity to regional malls, the number of markets that could support new projects change magnituded. With limited opportu nity for yield elsewhere, regional mall REITs began to focus on the outlet sector.Real estate owners that want to gain market share in a new property segment typically have two avenues for growth either through acquisition of multiple assets or another operating company or though development. But when Simon bought Prime Outlets Inc. in 2010 it snapped up the last big privately-held outlet center operator in the market. Today, no private guy controls 20 or 30 centers that could be sold, says Gerard Mason, executive managing director with Savills LLC. Whats more, there is a wide spread on yields between development and investment.For instance, CBL & Associates, a Chattanooga, Tenn. -based REIT, recently invested more than $108 million to provide financing for two outlet centers developed by Horizon Group Properties, a Rosemont, Ill. -based outlet center developer. (CBL has also partnered with Horizon on groundup projects in Oklahoma City and Woodstock, Ga. ) But CBL CEO Stephen Lebov itz admits that development projects offer double-digit returns while investing in existing centers brings returns in the 8 percent range. I would expect that our growth will be chiefly through new development, he says. At the same time, Lebovitz notes that the number of markets in the U. S. that would meet CBLs development criteria, including a trade area of approximately a million people, a sizeable tourist base and lack of existing competition, is limited. One high-ranking industry source says that for developers targeting outlet center sales on par with Simons levels, which average about $550 per sq. ft. , there are maybe 10 untapped markets left that fit the necessary trade area characteristics.For developers targeting Tangers sales levels, which currently average $371 per sq. ft. , there are about 40 untapped markets. But there arent 100, the anonymous source notes. By the end of the 2012, there will be 187 outlet centers containing 71 million sq. ft. , according to Value Ret ail News, a publication that covers the outlet industry. Linda Humphers, editor-in-chief of Value Retail News, estimates that in the long term, the country may be able to support another 250 centers, but that would include conversions.Occasionally, a developer will be able to find a site in an offbeat location that nobody else has thought about, says Gerard Mason. But for the most part, all the REITs are looking at the same markets, and in many cases, at the same piece of land. There is clearly room for growth in the sectorevery major metro area can sure enough support outlet retail, says Michael P. Glimcher, CEO of Glimcher Realty Trust, a Columbus, Ohiobased regional mall REIT that also owns outlet centers in Elizabeth, N. J. and Auburn, Wash. I just think the reality is there are a lot of people in that category and only a small percentage of whats being announced will really get built, Glimcher says. Bloodless war When it comes to handling competition on new developments the b ig retail REITs have acquired a reputation for being ruthless, employing tactics such as funding community opposition groups to derail each others projects, says Patrick Fox, president of Saint Consulting Group, a firm that specializes in zoning and land-use battles. These are mature markets, they are largely over-built and the battle for market share is tremendous, he notes. But unlike large regional malls that tend to be located in major urban areas, outlet centers dont normally inspire the same kind of opposition from local residents, according to James Schutter, senior managing director with Newmark Knight wiener Retail, a retail real estate services firm. In fact, many communities want to see outlet centers built because of the tremendous amount of sales task revenue they bring in. The real battle in outlets case is for tenant commitments.Although the outlet industry doesnt have anchors in the same sense that the regional mall industry does, there are certain key stores that are necessary to attract shoppers and that the rest of outlet retailers follow, notes Hauer. These include Saks Fifth Avenue OFF 5th, Coach and Polo, as well as Neiman Marcus Last Call and Nordstrom Rack. About a decade ago, Hauer tried to develop an outlet center near Syracuse, N. Y. When he started negotiating with potential tenants the answer was if you can get Polo, well sign. Otherwise, we are not interested. When there are two developers competing to build a center in a market that can support only one project it becomes a race to be the first to announce leases with major tenants. The developers try to convince expanding retailers that their center is the one thats going to happen by putting out announcements about land permits and ground-breakings. Ultimately, however, its the line-up of tenants that determines whose center gets built. Developers announce that they will put together a mall all the time, they dont always make it happen, says Schutter. If youve got this tenant and this tenant and this tenant coming, the other guys in the marketplace say, Lets go into this project. A ground-breaking is not as strong as being able to announce a strong anchor tenant, Fox adds. So how do those key retailers decide who to go with when the choice is between Simon and Tanger, or Simon and Taubman or Macerich and Craig Realty Group? After Taubman converted its Great Lakes Crossing project into an outlet center, sales rose significantly.Having the best site certainly makes a difference, which is why Simon may be willing to partner with Tanger if Tanger has secured a better location, according to Michael Rodenas. When the projects are in the same trade area, the choice might come down to seemingly small differences like which side of the highway the center will be located on or which zip codes in a given area are missing from the retailers customer base. But in the outlet industry, having existing relationships with a potential landlord is also very important, ac cording to Hauer, Green,Lebovitz and others. And in this, Simon, which controls the largest mall portfolio and the largest outlet center portfolio in the country, has a tremendous advantage. That might not come into play as much in the Simon/Tanger relationship because the two REITs specialize in slightly different projects, but it will likely loom large in any battle between Simon and other regional mall REITs. If you as a tenant get Simon crazy with you on the outlet side, they can be angry with you on the traditional retail side also, says Green. Lets just say that in that case the developer has a large beat, a larger hammer than any mall-only developer would have. Thats why most retail industry insiders feel that while Taubman and the other regional mall REITs will eventually be able to build a handful of outlet centers, they will not be able to break into the business in the big way they had imagined. The outlet mall industry is kind of a closed world, says Schutter. Sidebar Eastern Promises While U. S. retail REIT executives try to build up their outlet portfolios at home, most of them realize that growth opportunities here are limited.So in recent months theyve been announcing outlet center projects elsewhere in the world, including Canada, Brazil, Japan, China, South Korea and Malaysia. In April, Simon signed a deal with BR Malls Participacoes S. A. to develop outlet centers in Brazil, with the first project scheduled to be built in Sao Paulo by 2013 and started construction on Phase I of Shisui Premium Outlets, a 234,000-sq. -ft. outlet center in Shisui, Japan. Both Simon and Tanger have been working on outlet centers in Canada, including Simons 500,000-sq. ft. Toronto Premium Outlets in Halton Hills and Tangers 312,000-sq. -ft. outlet addition to Heartland Town Centre in Mississauga. And Taubman executives have told analysts they are looking to build outlet centers in Asia, where Taubman already has offices in Hong Kong and Seoul, South Korea. In the U. S. , you are not going to see outlet centers double in number, says Gerard Mason, executive managing director with Savills LLC, a global real estate services firm. Thats why Simon is in Brazil and China.In Brazil they might be able to do 15 outlet centers because their middle class is just emerging and they need shopping centers. E. M. Sidebar Mini-Malls With the increase in outlet centers popularity, the concept has evolved to represent something different than a small collection of factory stores in the middle of nowhere. In the 1980s and 1990s, the rule of flip was that an outlet center had to be located at least 70 miles away from the closest phone line, jokes one broker. Today, if a shopper goes to Central New Jersey, you have the Freehold Raceway Mall a 1. -million-sq. -ft. superregional center and then 10 to 15 minutes away, there is an outlet mall, according to Richard Hauer. Todays outlet centers have grown larger, sometimes containing up to 450,000 sq. ft. or 500, 000 sq. ft. of space, whereas the outlet centers of yesterday tended to average 150,000 sq. ft. The tenant line-up has changed from manufacturers to big retail chains, many of which, including Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue, Bloomingdales, Gap, J. Crew and Aeropostale, have established off-price and outlet divisions.Plus, outlet centers now feature mall-like amenities, such as food courts, restaurants and movie theaters, because people are staying on the properties longer than they used to, notes Michael Rodenas. And when CBL & Associates Properties and Horizon Group Properties were working on the plan for The Outlet Shoppes at Oklahoma City, a 350,000-sq. -ft. center that opened last summer, CBL marked land around the property for the addition of restaurants and hotel facilities. We feel it adds scathing mass, says Stephen Lebovitz. E. M.

Ethnic Unbonding in South Africa Essay

Manuel Castells notion of pagan unbonding refers to the gradual withdrawal certain African-Americans argon undergoing, so that they no longer are a fraction of their initial cultural assort. heathen unbonding is a process where soulfulnesss remove themselves from their ethnical groups, because they are either ashamed or humiliated to be associated as break down of a stigmatized ethnic identity operator operator. So, speed matters a lot. But, at the same time, the class divide among vagues has created such fundamentally different living conditions that there is growing disgust among the poor against those former brothers that left them out.Most middle-class pitch-darks strive to get ahead not only from the reality of the ghetto, but from the stigma that echoes from the dying ghetto drift on them through their skin. They do so fictitious charactericularly, by insulating their children from the poor black communities (moving to suburbs, integrating them into discolour- dominated private schools), while, at the same time, reinventing an African-American identity that revives the themes of the past, African or American, while keeping silent on the plight of the present Castell, M p.57. Manuel Castell raises cognizance to the fact that black southbound Africans are gradually disassociating themselves from their original ethnic identities. (Black South Africans refers to the non-white individuals of South Africa, those who were disadvantaged and traduced in the homelands during the Apartheid regime). These ethnic unbonding patterns were first noticed among African-Americans and now South Africans too are gradually adopting them.Citizens split from their ethnic groups to mainly get out their lives, since being a part of a stigmatized ethnic group cannot ensure a successful and pleasant lifestyle. Parents want a better life for the children and they find that to live a better quality lifestyle one needs to firstly get an education. So they get a comp utable education and become a success in life only to put their stigmatized ethnic background behind them, to avoid risking the loss of their achievements. Ethnic performances are rarely practised and individuals lose sight of where they come from.In the last two decades, geographers have become extremely interested in the issue of ethnicity. Ethnic groups are found in essentially all societies. Ethnic groups are populations that feel a putting surface bond and have a sense of common origin that distinguishes them from other groups. Religion, language, national origin, and skin colour are all used to various degrees by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves from others. It is estimated that the 200 or so independent countries recognized by the United Nations are made up of about 5000 ethnic groups.Increased migration of people in the last 200 long time has produced a complex pattern of ethnic groups. Essentially, ethnicity is a spatial concept. Ethnic groups are associated with cl early recognized territories, either some large homeland regulate or some smaller urban or rural enclaves in which they are the primary or exclusive occupant. In addition, they have somehow tag these places with certain distinguished heathenish signs. (http//teacherweb. ftl. pinecrest. edu/snyderd/APHG/Unit%203/culturenotes. htm).Ethnicity is socially important. It gives certain individuals a feeling of belonging and prevents one from feeling isolated and alone. It contributes immensely to ones core identity, focusing mostly on the construction of ones personal identity, and in turn having an effect on the type of person an individual turns out to be in the future. It forms the basis of an individuals structure and agency. Ethnicity also promotes national strength which can be built from the diverse cultural resources present in South Africa.It brings together a national identity. Afrikaners historically considered themselves the only true South Africans and, while granting full citizenship to all residents of European descent, denied that emplacement to people of colour until the democratic transition of 1994. British South Africans retain a sense of cultural and social connection to Great Britain without weakening their identity as South Africans. A similar concept of primary local and secondary ancestral identity is prevalent among people of Indian descent.The Bantu-speaking black peoples have long regarded themselves as South African despite the attempts of the white authorities to classify them as less than full citizens or as citizens of ethnic homelands (Bantustans) between 1959 and 1991. Strong cultural loyalties to African languages and local political structures such as the kingdom and the chieftaincy remain an important component of identity. National identity comes first for all black people, but belonging to an ethnic, linguistic, and regional grouping and even to an ancestral clan has an important secondary status.(http//www. everyculture. c om/Sa-Th/South-Africa. html). As a topic of years of racial separation and distinction, the majority of South African citizens of which are black, have been severely ill-treated based on the colour of their skin. A race is a population that shares visible physical characteristics from inbreeding and that thinks of itself or is thought of by outsiders as distinct. It has been used by societies to justify poor treatment of minority groups ( http//www. sociologyguide. com/questions/ethnicity. php).For decades black people have been slandered and stereotyped by the white superior citizens, to be uncultured individuals. White people were entirely prejudiced against the black people. Prejudice is a judgment based on group membership or social status. Prejudice may be formed through both individual and group influences including socialization, rationalizing through stereotypes, the scapegoating process, reinforcement of a self-fulfilling prophecy ramification of an authoritarian personal ity and degree of contact with minority groups. http//www. sociologyguide. com/questions/ethnicity. php.How black ethnic groups emerged? Being ethnic is relating to or a characteristic of a sizable group of people sharing a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic or cultural heritage. (http//www. thefreedictionary. com. ) Just ilk the trends in America, black citizens of South Africa formed groups based on commonalities. These people shared hardships and sufferings, as a result of being excluded from having any opportunities and privileges, by the white superiorities.The white citizens undermined the black citizens for centuries and thus blacks were forced to form close relationships with one another based on the fact that they had common deprivations. Bantustans were formed in South Africa and these areas were wastelands of hardship. Residents of these areas were forced to deal with struggle and poverty thus leading to an increase in crime rate. People did w hat they could to survive. Stealing, drug dealing etc. all the forms of power and corruption exploded from these areas.Put a group of homeless and poor people together and what do you get? Chaos. White people were aware of the put out in the homelands and ever since then stereotypes were given to black people. What provoked ethnic unbonding? Ethnic unbonding is when individuals from an ethnic group break away from their core cultural identity and instead pursue an identity of their own. Individuals mainly do this to improve their standards of living. The stigmas attached to certain ethnic groups are undesirable and individuals are afraid of being part of these unpleasant stereotypes.Certain groups especially ethnic groups have harsh associations linked to them and for these people to improve their quality of life they need to detach themselves from their ethnic groups. The electronegativity one receives from being part of a stigmatized ethnic group for some is too much to handle. People want to be freed from the harmful judgements of the past, and thus whole detaching themselves from their core ethnic identity is the best way out.Race and ethnicity are central to America, as to other societies dynamics their manifestations seem to be deeply neutered by current social trends. (Castells, 1997 53). Globalisation affects peoples choices on being or not being part of an ethnic group. Westernization transforms certain cultures and moulds them into a more modernized culture, with less practices and more simplicity. Cultural identity is a victim of globalisation. Culture is being altered so much by globalization and media effects that soon the culture will transform into something completely different.According to Tomlinson, J. p. 23 states that it is fair to say that the impact of globalization in the cultural subject field has, most generally, been viewed in a pessimistic light. Typically, it has been associated with the destruction of cultural identities, victims of the accelerating encroachment of a homogenized, westernized, consumer culture. Conclusion Ethnic unbonding is inevitable. Every single individual wants a tolerable lifestyle and a decent life is one with no racial, gender or ethnic inequalities.Ethnic unbonding will continue to take place in South Africa as well as the rest of the world, because the desire for one to have an improved standard of living exceeds the desire to want to belong to an ethnic area. Castells concept of ethnic unbonding is a notion unknowingly practiced amongst the people of South Africa. Castell believes that individuals belonging to certain ethnic groups are developing boundaries within themselves. However, I think that people can still live a better life and yet maintain a part of their ethnicity.Lifestyles can be change so that some form of their religion and culture is integrated into their everyday life and not forgotten. Future generations might be at risk of neer knowing exactly where t hey come from, and being clueless about their ethnic and cultural heritage. 1. Castells, Manuel. 1997. The power of identity. Cambridge, MA. Blackwell, 52-59 2. Tomlinson, John. Globalization and cultural identity http//www. polity. co. uk/global/pdf/gtreader2etomlinson. pdf(12September 2011) 3.Definitions of race, prejudice and discrimination http//www. sociologyguide. com/questions/ethnicity. php (12September 2011) 4. Countries and their Culture South Africa http//www. everyculture. com/Sa-Th/South-Africa. html (12September 2011) 5. THE GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE, AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF INEQUALITY RACE, ETHNICITY & GENDER http//teacherweb. ftl. pinecrest. edu/snyderd/APHG/Unit%203/culturenotes. htm (12September 2011) 6. Definition of Ethnic http//www. thefreedictionary. com (12September 2011).

A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum Essay

Throughout this play we follow along with a group of people from Roman times. Its the closure of a bunch of events happening on just one street with three houses shown. the plays primary objective is that of a comedy, therefore to promise the story with true hilarity. Many of the characters in this play had objectives. Pseudolus is a Slave and his main objective was to obtain freedom. Hero has an objective of getting the love of his life, a beautiful courtesan from next door. Philia is the courtesan that Hero has his heart enclothe out for. Miles Gloriosus is a decorated captain and is looking for a virgin to lay. evasive action are used byout by all characters in order to try and get what they want. Pseudolus tries in the beginning to gain his freedom through buy from his masters so he heads out and tricks citizens into gambling with him and gets money, but then gets caught cheating and has to return the money to the guy who he had dooped. Heros maneuver to get to his objectiv e had him offer Pseudolus his freedom in return for getting him the love of his life. Pseudolus tactic was to accept the offer given to him by Hero. There were many actions throughout the play for each character to try and achieve their objective.In A Funny thing Happened On The Way To The Forum behavior set the tone for the entire play. Whether it was just to make a laugh or to advance the story forward. For example how each character carried themselves helped with the story plot and how you see the role and place of each character. It showed through Domina throughout the play. She spoke loud and condescendingly throughout the play to show that she was an old, heartless, bitch that was disliked by all. Hysteriums behavior was that of being insecure and a frantic mess who tried to please everyone. It was shown through his singing, shaking when talked to, and playing along with Pseudolus, even though through blackmail.What i liked best in this play was that it was a comedy. Personal ly i like to laugh, i feel like that is the best. The physical humor was a littleoverdone but you always get a laugh from weeing peple throw themselves to the floor. It was enjoyable as well during the courtesan scene with presenting the people of the Lycus dwelling. What i did not appreciate in this play was the musical numbers. i have never been much of a fan of seeing actors sing and singing along with the orchestra kinda music was never for me.The other elements of the stage had a good amount to do with the story telling. They worked hard on a set that gave a small trend to make you feel that you were in the time. Was very well lit the entire time and lighting not once changed even though they tried with the change of coloring to the light with not much avail. Props looked cheap and unreal such as the ladder taped up with sports tape, and an ineffable table that was used during the courtesan presentation and hysteriums funeral. They tried so that was okay. The music was light and funny except when Gloriosus was around. I got what they were going for with costumes it was a good effort to fit the time period when they wanted to and dress up people funny for comedies sake.

Cultural Sensitivity in Counseling Native Americans

Three of the most popular techniques in functionout by the direction profession were examined in relationship to internal Ameri bottomland culture and worldview, in order to determine the reasons for their ineffectiveness among these people groups. The results indicate that a lack of disposition and sensitivity to primordial Ameri great deal culture and tactile sensation systems by counselors may be the major contri merelying doers in the failure of these modes to produce lasting change. Three alternative methods were then investigated.Together, these examinations show that cultural sensitivity and an in-depth concord of belief systems and practices atomic number 18 critical in helping Native Americans heal from historical sufferings and preserve real transformation within the Native American community. Cultural sensitiveness in Counseling A Perspective on Native Americans Why is it that galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal) Native Americans fail to benefit from co unseling? Why is on that point much(prenominal)(prenominal) an enormous burn-out rate among counselors who work with this people group?These questions be becoming increasingly more important in the counseling profession. There have been some(prenominal) studies on competencies and practices in multicultural counseling. unity such study although dealing primarily with c arr counseling (Vespia, Fitzpatrick, Fouad, Kantamneni, & Chen, 2010), reinforced the necessity for training in growing a counselors competency with several(a) cultures. another(prenominal) study which dealt specific wholly(prenominal)y with psychotherapy (Lambert, Smart, Campbell, Hawkins, Harmon, & Slade, 2006), echoes this sentiment.However, the cause of ineffectiveness may not necessarily be the incompetence of counselors, but their tendency to use inappropriate methods which fail to consider the unique cultural heritage of Native Americans. These culturally-insensitive methods can sometimes compel knobs to despoil basic mortalal values. For example, Native Americans place great emphasis on a harmonious co-existence with disposition. If a counselor advocates individual responsibility for mastering the environment, he is, in fact, asking his Native American lymph gland to disregard a part of his guests cultural belief system.Take the case of Robert redness Elk (not his real name), a whiteness Mountain Apache, hired at a manufacturing plant in Phoenix, Arizona. Roberts supervisor witnessed m whatever instances where Roberts feller employees asked to shargon his lunch or complete their work as scorements. Robert never refused and willingly overworked himself (to the point of exhaustion) finishing the tasks of others. Eventually, after several(prenominal) absences from work, Robert was referred to counseling by his supervisor.The counselor, after an initial assessment, enrolled Robert in assertiveness training. The counselor, however, failed to understand angiotensin converting enzyme real important aspect of Robert Red Elks value system Native Americans argon not individualistic. Their culture places great value on sharing and service. There are over 500 federally recognized Indian tribes in the United States. all(prenominal) tribe has its own beliefs, customs and traditions. Many Native Americans have left the reservation and k outright very little of their tribal culture, having assimilated into White society.There are, however, many common threads running through Native American culture and philosophy, which if mis still can open a breach between counselor and client that can be difficult to heal. For the purposes of this paper, we will be dealing primarily with Native Americans raised and residing within traditional Indian reservation communities. These individuals have well-kept much of their cultural identity, as opposed to those who have moved into the cities and have become westernized into the White culture.Nearly every tribe has wide-spread pe rsonal and social issues which are threatening lives and creating broken homes and broken people. Compared with other racial and ethnic groups, Native Americans have more serious problems with mental wellness disorders (Olson & Wahab, 2006, p. 19-33). For example, on the Pine continue Reservation of the Lakota Sioux, over 50% live below the poverty level. In 2007, the suicide rate there was 3. 2 times that of Whites, between 50% and 90% were unemployed, and the death rate due o alcoholism was 7 times the national average (Diller, 2007). Counselors employ many methods in an attempt to help Native American clients heal from brokenness. This investigation will examine three popular techniques Free association, cognitive therapy, and behavior modification. In addition, we will discuss why these methods are failing with many Native American clients. First, however, there is a need to explore the average Native American value system.The Native American protect System Silence and Talking . Native Americans believe that listening is the best air to learn. They understand that there are many voices to hear, not merely from other people, but from the earth, the wind, the sky, and the animal kingdom. They listen not unaccompanied with their physical ears, but with their whole being in an attitude of watch, listen and then act (Nerburn, 2002). They believe it inexpedient to speak before completely formulating unrivalleds thoughts. They understand the power of words, and so they speak carefully, choosing words judiciously.In most non-native cultures, interaction with others must be filled with words and speaking that can sometimes become argumentative. Just the opposite is true in most Native American cultures. When asked a question, there will normally be a pause before answering, because any question worthy of an answer is worth considering. When they finally do speak, it is expected that the meeter will listen. Interrupting is considered rude and a sign of ignoranc e. This practice of silence has a tendency to disconcert someone who is unfamiliar with it, and historically, Caucasians have viewed it as a sign of stupidity.Freedom and Honor Native American cultures value honor far above freedom. Honor is the internal guide for nearly everything they do. The focus is more on what is justly, kind of than what is wrong. This is one reason why Native Americans have a difficult time understanding the conception of sin. In addition, honor is something that cannot be interpreted away. If one loses his freedom, he still retains his honor. These views of freedom and honor are very different from those held by western peoples.In the White world, honor means compensable homage to or admiring an individuals accomplishments. To the Native American, honor means knowing and doing what is right for oneself and for ones community. It has no relation to laws or the rely to avoid punishment. Freedom only becomes important after one has been chained up, either literally or by the enactment of laws and delayrictions (Nerburn, 2002). All My Relations and racialism According to the New Lakota Dictionary, Mitakuye oyasin translates to all my relatives in Lakota Sioux (Ullrich, 2008, p. 37). The concept of all my relations constitutes an understanding of and honor for the sacredness of each persons individual weird path. It accognitions the sacredness of all demeanor (human, animal, plant, and so on ) and creates an awareness that strengthens not only the individual, but the entire planet. It essentially means that everything is inter-related. In the living of daily life, all my relations means learning how to interrelate with certain constructive or creative forces, and disconnect from destructive forces (Portman & Garrett, 2006).Its the understanding that some(prenominal) hurts one aspect of the world hurts everything else. Rolling Thunder, the late eldritch removeer of the Cherokee and Shoshone tribes, said, Too many people dont kn ow that when they harm the earth they harm themselves, nor do they realize that when they harm themselves they harm the earthWe say theres manner for everyone, if we all share as brothers and sisters (Plowboy Interview, 1981). This belief in the brotherhood of the human race is one reason why Native Americans abhor racism. Another reason is their suffering because of it. From the 1490s to the 1890s, Europeans and white Americans engaged in an unbroken string of genocide campaigns against the Native people of the Americas (BigFoot & Willmon-Hague, 2008, p. 54). A study on multi-faith perspectives in family therapy make note of the following historical give-and-take of Native Americans In government and missionary programs to educate and acculturate Indians in Christianity and Western shipway, children were forcibly bugger offn from their families to embarkation schools and stripped of their cultural and pithual heritage (Walsh, 2010, p. 3).Consequently, Native Americans view r acism as evil and most avoid retaliation, because they believe it creates a loss of honor. However, many American Indians still retain an inherent mistrust of Whites (Bryant-Davis & Ocampo, 2006, p. 16). In a study on reservation violence, it was noted that traditionally one important factor regarding Native American philosophy was humility to those with whom one does not share beliefs and teaching nonviolent behaviors (Hukill, 2006, p. 249). A reintegration with traditional beliefs and practices could help stem the violence on reservations.Concept of Time Native people are not enslaved by a clock or calendar. Their concept of time is related more to the seasons, nature, relationships, and life spans. Time is a cycle as, in the sacred hoop. Time is not measured in linear fashion, having a past, present and future. Living each solar day as it comes is linked to the belief that one should focus more on being than becoming. This concept of time can explain why Native Americans world power be late for counseling appointments by the hour or by days. Adherence to a rigid schedule is not traditionally an Indian practice.Things are done as they need doing. Time is flexible and geared to the activity at hand. Some other examples of this concept of time are * A right time and a right place, as opposed to making every minute count. * Today is a good day, as opposed to preparing for tomorrow. Other concepts that affect how Native Americans react to traditional counseling methods include striving for anonymity, discouraging aggressiveness (such as boasting and loud behavior), the value of inaction over action, and the use of tribal ameliorate ceremonies. Understanding Native American healing practices requires helping professionals to have knowledge of the cultural belief systems that are unique for each tribal nation (Portman & Garrett, 2006, p. 455). Culturally Insensitive Counseling Methods Counseling methods that fail to consider culturally-relevant issues are reali zing few successes with native peoples. Three of the most prominent techniques fail to take into account the Native Americans holistic belief system and attempt to merely change behavior by changing ones thinking.Free Association. Free association is a spontaneous, logically unconstrained and undirected association of ideas, emotions and feelings in which words or images suggest other words or images in a non-logical chain reaction. The basic concept is for the client to sort things out, and assign reasons to their feelings, with the intention of changing unhealthy ideas and emotions into a more acceptable way of living. Native American clients typically shy away from participating in this type of activity, because they see it as senseless babbling that accomplishes little and makes a person appear to have lost their mind.They much prefer being silent and listening to talking and babbling themselves into a reasonable state of mind. In addition, they are very cautious about sharing p ersonal and family problems, and have difficulty communicating their reactions to situations. Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy aims to make out and correct distorted thinking patterns that lead to feelings and behavior that are troublesome, self-defeating or self-destructive. The objective is to replace distorted thinking with a balanced view that leads to more fulfilling and productive behavior.Due to the epizootic of depression, alcoholism and suicide among Native Americans, this is an admirable objective for counselors to attempt to achieve. However, for a people, who are holistically-minded, cognitive therapy considers only one facet of the whole person, and ignores the connection adult male have with nature and the world. This approach disavows the unity of the person, a central core belief in Native American culture. To separate the mind from the body and spirit, and with the rest of creation, is an illogical and foreign concept to them.In addition, most Native Americans are pragmatic and tend to see life in concrete terms rather than abstract ones. Therefore, counselors may consider working from a holistic, wellness-based framework, so that harmony and balance can be restored (Rayle, Chee, & Sand, 2006, p. 72). Behavior Modification This approach is a treatment approach based on operant conditioning that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by positive or negative reinforcement. As with cognitive therapy, behavior modification focuses entirely on one facet of the whole person.Native Americans are very resistant to this approach, because they do not always focus on their thinking. Historically, they have been exposed to the inconsistency of people thinking one way and behaving another way. According to Native American culture, behavior reflects belief. Attempting to change behavior from the outside and failing to deal with internal issues is viewed as a waste of energy and considered unproductive. Typically, Native Americ ans respond punter to holistic methods that involve the whole person body, mind and spirit.Culturally insensitive approaches to counseling can actually introduce a sense of mistrust into relationships between native clients and non-native counselors derailing attempts to help them overcome the issues that defeat them. This is one reason why Native Americans underutilize mainstream mental health resources (Parrish, 2006, p. 15). Culturally Supportive Approaches to Counseling As understanding and knowledge of cultural beliefs and practices grows, holistic approaches to counseling are becoming more prevalent in clinics and practices in which the majority of clients are Native American.There are several methods which are showing great promise in helping these clients. Inner Healing Prayer Because Native American culture is infused with the apparitional and encompasses a holistic view of the body, soul and spirit, the concept of listening, which is the foundation of this method, lends i tself to a more culturally-relevant way of approaching the mental and emotional issues found among endemic peoples. Native cultures are already accustomed to listening because of their practice of being attentive to the sounds of nature and the practices of oral traditions passed down through the stories of tribal elders.They understand that listening is one of the best ways to learn. The inner healing prayer can offer Native Americans a way to re-establish harmony with their body, their emotions, and their spiritual selves (Rayle, Chee & Sand, 2006, p. 77), since it begins with addressing ones emotional hurts. It is counselor-led and client-consented prayer intervention with the specific intent of healing and breaking the chains of past traumas (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002, p. 240).When woundedness goes unresolved, it affects the whole person creating disharmony within the body, soul and spirit. Native American culture already understands this concept. The typical scenario is to give the client permission to experience what they feel, and allow their inner emotions to express themselves in a controlled, safe environment. Encouraging them to remember those painful places and the trauma that occurred there helps bring emotions to the surface where they can be explored, felt, owned, and released from the captured place within the spirit.Once accomplished, the counselor can then ask the Lord Jesus Great Mystery to see His love and grace, revealing truth in whatever manner He chooses. The counselor then remains silent, encouraging the client to verbally express whatever is transpiring within them and articulate whatever truth the Lord is revealing to them. The counselors quality is to discern whether the client is receiving truth from the Lord (according to the revealed news program of God) or error manifested from within themselves, which would constitute feelings and/or thoughts that run contrary to scripture.Once it is determined that authentic truth has b een received, the counselor then asks the client what is now different about that traumatic event when they reconsider it. At this point, an entirely different perspective is usually revealed by the client. It is important when using this method, as it is with any technique, to weave Western counseling techniques with elements of the AI American Indian culture, beliefs, and philosophy (Rayle, Chee & Sand, 2006, p. 73-74) emphasis mine. It is well to remember, however, that many Native Americans do not believe in the white mans God. It is important, therefore, to use terms for deity that are culturally relevant, such as Great Mystery, Great Spirit, etc. This approach has shown great potential in overcoming issues such as depression and addiction. Spiritual Talking Talking circles, storytelling and remembering/reflecting on life is very common in Native American culture. Many indigenous children receive their first life lessons sitting at the feet of their elders as grandmothers and g randfathers recount tribal stories that teach the traditions of the tribe (Rybak & Decker-Fitts, 2009, p. 337).Since native people relate more to the now, it is very therapeutic to recall and embrace the good things in ones present situation. Talking aloud about pleasant experiences helps clients see the good in their present circumstances and allows their spirit to be as one with their body-mind uniting them with the world at large. This alters them to see the big picture and brings everything into a healthy perspective. The role of the counselor in this technique is to facilitate the talking and keep the client on track, while providing a safe environment for them.Another form that spiritual talking may take is in the use of humor. Native cultures inherently understand the old cliche Laughter is the best medicine. Encouraging clients to share bizarre stories and experiences can provide insight into the clients identity and self-image. However, counselors should exercise caution in using humor. It should only be introduced when and if the client invites it, meaning that the client trusts the counselor abundant to connect on that level (Garrett, et al. , 2005, p. 202).The Holistic Medicine wheel or Red Path One of the most effective healing techniques and one which incorporates extensively the Native American culture is the Medicine Wheel, sometimes called the Red Path or Red Road. The Medicine Wheel is a symbolisation of Native America in which four colors (white, black, yellow and red) are used to represent the four directions and the four races of people (Caucasian, African, Asian and Indian), respectively. This symbol besides represents the harmony and balance of the mind, body and spirit with nature.The Medicine Wheel is regarded as sacred among Native Americans, since medicine is a spiritual entity within their culture. The Medicine Wheel is recognized by all tribes and is a common symbol of unity. It represents healing, not only for oneself, but f or the entire native community. This technique, when employed in the counseling gear upting, includes not only the counselor and client, but also family and friends. It can also be a good tool for use in group counseling where all participants share in a common issue. The facilitator/counselor invites all present to form a circle.The concept of the four directions and their meanings is then discussed. A good mold is * East represents the rising sun and the spirit or inner being of man (red). * South is connected to full daylight and represents a connection with nature (yellow). * North is the home of winter and represents the mind or thoughts (white). * West is where the sun sets and is connected with the body or physical being (black). (Molina, Monteiro-Leitner, Garrett & Gladding, 2005, p. 9). The counselor then explains the concept of circles within circles.Dallas Williards Model of the Person is an excellent starting pattern for this concept (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002, p. 19 0). Molina, et al. explain this technique well An inner circle represents the connection to ones Spirit and to the Greater Spirit an outer circle represents the importance of relationships with family members and a community circle represents the importance of relationships with the greater community. At this point, volunteers sit bed each person in the inner circle, forming an outer circle.Finally, the remaining participants form a third circle, which lends support to the inner and outer circles. Throughout the process, life stories emerge. Counselors identify client strengths and validate their experiences, and participants offer support to one another and create happy endings to their stories (p. 9). This method helps clients see how they create and remove the masks of the self (Molina, Monteiro-Leitner, Garrett & Gladding, 2005, p. 9). The removal of masks allows the client to be open with their true feelings and to see their issues from a different perspective.A doctoral disse rtation by Mark Parrish (2008) offers another well-described view of the Circle within Circles Approach The elements of the circle within circles includes (1) the spirit within us including the culmination of each individuals experiences representing the power that comes from the very essence of ones being (2) the family and/or clan, the relational center of the community (3) the natural environment and all of its relationships with living beings and (4) the spirit world which includes the other elements as well as the Creator, ancestors and other spirit helpers and guides.In essence, all life is interdependent and exists in a dynamic state of harmony and balance which maintains a continuous feed and cycling of energy which each living being contributes to the Circle of Life (p. 16). The Medicine Wheel and the Circle Within Circles serves as a reminder that all aspects of life are important and need to be balanced (Rybak & Decker-Fitts, 2009, p. 336). Although most individuals wil l still require more intensive therapy, the Medicine Wheel is a good starting point to help clients remember that they are not an island, but are connected to other individuals and to the world as a whole. individualized Reflections Understanding Native American culture, and learning their views life has caused me to reconsider my own lifestyle and my Caucasian worldview. As westerners, we are an inherently individualistic society, whereas Native Americans are more collective. The mindset and complex belief systems of indigenous people are more similar to Gods original plan for mankind than that which White society has developed. Jesus prayed to the Father for unity that His followers would be one, as we are. (John 1711b, KJV). Native American culture appears to mirror His prayer more than that of Caucasians. Native Americans are more in tune with their spiritual natures than we, and were the original holistic healers. They understand the concept of mans triune nature as set forth i n 1 Thessalonians 523 And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ emphasis mine.This concept has been a vital part of their culture for hundreds of years, whereas we are just now (within the past decade) becoming more sensitive to a holistic approach in counseling and medicine. It is very interesting that as one learns the culture and values of Native Americans, one begins to see that there are many aspects that reflect basic biblical principles. Western counseling methods, which have been enforce upon the Native Americans for many years, are very foreign to a people who already understand an important truth of Gods Word.It makes much better sense to first understand their culture and beliefs and then adapt our methods and techniques accordingly, in order to be more effective facilitators in the healing process. Not only will these historically-wounded people be set f ree with true inner healing, but at the same time many may come into a full knowledge of and a relationship with the true Lord Jesus Christ. Jesus healed the blind man of his physical ailments before healing him of his spiritual malady.Therefore, if we connect with Native Americans through their ways of life, love them in Christ, and keep the Holy Spirit as the center of our ministry to them, many of these forgotten people can enjoy a fullness of life that only comes through the healing power of Christ. As a Christian counselor, I will be committed to providing the Native American people with a biblically-sound, culturally-relevant approach to helping them heal the issues from which they suffer, both historically and personally.As I become more knowledgeable in their beliefs, traditions and worldview, I can foresee a time when what I am learning now will blend with that insight to produce techniques which will enable me to be a more effective counselor to the people to whom God has called me to minister. Conclusion To be effective counselors within the Native American community, it is not enough that we increase our knowledge of psychology and our skills in counseling.We need to immerse ourselves in the cultural issues pertinent to each individual client and the community which has shaped them. This comes by understanding belief systems and cultural contexts, and determining what methods can and cannot work based upon these parameters. Native American culture is centered on certain holistic viewpoints the unity of the individual (body, mind and spirit), the individuals interconnectedness with creation, and the relationship all people have with one another.Counseling such a people involves understanding and respecting values, beliefs and traditions, and tailoring our methods and techniques around restoring harmony and balance in ways which do not demand or manipulate Native Americans into ceasing to be Native American. One very good exercise for assisting in the development of counselor competency in this area is cultural auditing, which is a systematic and practical reflective method designed to address critical elements of the multicultural competency development process (Collins, Arthur & Wong-Wylie, 2010, p. 340-346).The 13 steps of this process lead counselors through the first to last counseling sessions by helping them reflect on key issues of culture that can help them develop competent strategies and monitor their practices to ensure that the goals and processes of counseling are self-consistent with clients perspectives and needs (Collins, Arthur & Wong-Wylie, 2010, p. 341). In order for greater effectiveness to be realized in counseling Native Americans (and indeed people of all cultures), mental health professionals and researchers must understand that all methods do not work with all people.Milton Erickson, one of psychotherapys most respected figures, who was of Native American descent, understood this very well (Thomason , 2009, p. 351). A 40-year study of multicultural counseling, completed in 2008 by Michael DAndrea and Elizabeth Foster Heckman, discovered many inconsistencies and out-dated methods being utilized with clients of diverse cultures, and called for researchers to expand their outcome studies to examine the impact of other types of helping services among culturally different populations (DAndrea & Heckman, 2008, p. 62). Their final statement summarizes beautifully what is needed for effective, long-term reply for Native Americans We suggest that the multicultural counseling movement is a movement of faith and hope faith in counselors ability to generate new understanding of mental health from a multicultural perspective and hope that future counseling and research endeavors will be implemented to more effectively get along human dignity and development through peoples collective miscellanea (DAndrea & Heckman, 2008, p. 362).The increase of diverse of cultures within the United State s makes it imperative (a) that therapists have the skills to work with a variety of clients from a multitude of social backgrounds (Murphy, Park & Lonsdale, 2006, p. 310) and (b) for the counseling profession to take a proactive stance on cultural diversity (Phiri-Alleman & Allman, 2010, p. 157). Culturally competent counseling has been addressed by the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics (ACA) and the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP).Both of these groups extend the importance of social and cultural diversity in training programs for counselors, and emphasize the need for culturally-relevant treatment planning, especially when working with Native Americans (Parrish, 2008, p. 17). The competency of multicultural counselors can best be developed by encouraging them to become knowledgeable in the beliefs, traditions and worldview of various cultures and utilize that knowledge to tailor their counseling techniques in ways that will boost the effectiveness of their practice.

Standard Forms of Building Contract

Furthermore, procedures for selecting important hireor and sub- pruneor was reviewed and comparison was prep ard to show differences between two procedures. A flow-chart diagram was attached in the Appendix to show the procedures. 2 Introduction 2. 1 Background of the Projects The project we ar going to bid is a mystical development, which to construct a 24- storey residential apartment. The form of conjure that the client trenchant to use in the captioned project is Hong Kong Standard Form of Building engender 2005-WithQuantities, which is published by HKIS, HKIA & HKICM. The client favourite(a) a single stage selective pressing approach and we are now going to enter the bid. 2. 2 Objectives (i) apprehend the procural strategy adoptive (it) Understand the form of contract adopted (iii) Understand how the Client result refer our comp whatsoever (iv)Understand how our company will appoint a subcontractor (v) Identify differences in crankying procedures 2. 4 Procurement St rategy design 1 Organizational structure ofa traditional strategy (RICS, 2013) Based on the supra scenario, we assumed the project adopting the traditional rocurement.Traditional procurement is most comm hardly employ approach in the construction industry. Its standard practice in the industry since nineteenth century. (RICS, 2013) in that locationfore, roles and responsibilities of contractors and unalike project consultants are well understood. In traditional procurement, design process is kept separate from the construction process. (RICS, 2013) The design beat to be faultless first and full documentation including drawings, specifications are needed forward tendering process. In view of the client, he can remain his control over the design and ensuring lineament.A contract dministrator will also appointed to monitor the projects, usually the architect or the engineer. In view of cost and contracts, all returned tenders are based on equivalent intormation, the tender wr ongs can be easily analyzed, and no need tor the Contractor to build in a risk premium in the tender sum. If the intentional is fully completed, construction costs can be determined with reasonable certainty given that there are no changes in the construction stage. OCT, 2008) However, this procurement method whitethorn take longer time because the scheme has to be more or less fully designed before seeking tenderers.Also, illogical design nd construction process can leads to disputes between the Contractors and the designers, rather than single responsibility in design-and-build method. (RICS, 2013) 2. 5 Contract Choice Since the client has adopted traditional approach, Hong Kong Standard Form of Building Contract Private Edition-With Quantities 2005 Edition (HKSFBC05) has been chosen by the client to use in this tender. This contract is commonly used in private developments in Hong Kong. (KPK, 2010) It is a lump sum contract in which payment will be made at monthly interval.Its fitted for adopt in medium-large size building orks designed by the Employer, or someone on behalf of the Employer. Drawings and bills of quantities have to provide by the Employer to define the quantity and quality of the work for Contract to price for it. OCT, 2008) The HKSFBC05 contains detailed conditions which regulates the rights and obligations of the Employer and Contractor. Moreover, under Article 3&4 of the HKSFBC05, an Architect and a Quantity Surveyor have to be named to administer the contract conditions, their power and duties are also described in the Contract.The Architect will be the contract administrator whereas the quantity surveyor will assist im to prepare valuations for interim payments and variations, calculating liquidated damages (LD) and prepare final account, etc. Generally, the price is bases on lump sums and payment to be made in monthly interval. OCT, 2008) 3 Tendering Procedures 3. 1 Definition Tendering is the process by which bids are invited from enkindle contractors to carry out specific packages of construction work. The process aims to ensure achieving of true competition.Procurement strategy and forms of contract should have decided and confirmed in precedence to execute the tendering process. 3. 2 principal(prenominal)-contract The in all tendering procedures for main contract can be divided at 3 sections as follows- 3. 2. 1 Establishment of Tender List At the very beginning of the process, the client should have compile a tenderer list, in order to ensure every(prenominal) contractor chosen to tender will be able to meet specified eligibility, if they are appointed. To form the tenderer list, pre-qualification mechanism may adopted.Interested contractors should prove that they meet token(prenominal) standards in certain criteria like financial conditions, project experience, protessional competence, etc during pre-qualitlcation. Sometimes, the consultant quantity surveyors will also give advice to prepare a poten tial drop tenderer list, depends on the clients need. Generally, 4 to 8 tenders is enough, depends on value and nature of the work. Once the tenderers list is compiled, preliminary enquiry should be made to those contractors on list, postulation those potential contractors whether they are interested to bid the project before formal invitation.The outcome of the tender would be more satisfactory if the Contractor can decline at the earlier stage, and salve excessive papers for tender documents. 3. 2. 2 Tender Invitation and Submission During the compilation of the tenderers list, the consultant quantity surveyors should prepare the tender documents concurrently. So, as soon as the tender documents ready to be issue out (i. e. bill of quantities, drawings, specifications and clients specific requirements), the tender will be issue to the tenderers with the invitation.The good practice in the industry for the tendering extent would be a minimum of 28 days in private sectors. This i s a suggested fgure for traditional contract with no design responsibility from the contractors. For easier to analyze the capableness of each contractor, usually the Employer will ask he tenderers to submit their own qualifications such as preliminary programme for the work, organization chart, etc. Details of those documents should be listed in the form of tender and also in the Invitation to Tender 3. 2. 3 Tender legal opinion and Award All tenders should have received on the tender submission date.Sometimes the Employer maybe request the tenderers to submit non-price material such as Job reference, organization chart, financial statement, etc. These materials should be evaluated independently of the examination of the priced documents. OCT, 2012) To xamine the tenders efficiently, an judging criteria should have established by the Employer. Price-oriented or quality-oriented? The answer should affect the examination process of tenders. For the priced documents (i. e. bill of quantities or schedule of rates), it should be checked to detect any arithmetical errors.Professional practice is that the tendered prices should never be altered without Justification. If there are any errors or discrepancies between BQ pages and the tender sum wrote in the form of the tender. There are procedures set out to deal with the to a higher place situation. Details of the errors should be given to the tenderers. If the said errors are rather minor in the contract sum, the tenderers may confirm the errors and abide his tender. Or the tenderers can withdraw his tender if he thinks the errors are unaffordable. However, its depend on the tenderers commercial decision.Under this procedure, correction of the overall tender price is not permitted. OCT, 2012) It the tenderer decided to stand by his submitted tender and confirmation nas been reached with the Employer, the gross amount of errors should be converted into a discount factor, usually express in percentage of the corre cted tender sum. In Hong Kong projects, this factor is usually endorsed together in the letter of intent or letter to credenza to the Main contractor. past the factor will be applied to the variation account where related to the BQ or SOR, except those preliminaries, prime cost rates, provisional sums. WSCC, 2010) After checking errors, if there are any changes affecting prices or design, tender queries should be issued to all tenderers and carry out a second tender exercise. All replied tender queries should bind into the contract document as contract correspondences and forming part of contract, especially those with cost mplications. Upon completion of evaluation of returned tenders and tender queries, the consultant quantity surveyor should prepare a tender reputation and recommend the tenderer which he preferred.Then, the letter of intent or letter of acceptance should be move out to complete the whole awarding process. 3. 3 Sub-contract The whole tendering procedures for s ub contract can be divided at 3 sections as follows- 3. 3. 1 Selection for a Specific Project When the contract was awarded to the Main Contractor as described above, the Main Contractor takes up total responsibility for the contract work. He cannot complete the hole work using only his own labour and worker. Sub-contractors is therefore needed, especially for EM services, which require specialist sub-contractors.Each structured main contractor should have his own domestic sub-contractors (DSC) list, the criteria for being qualified into the list depends on different main contractors. Common criteria includes work quality, safety and health record, financial conditions, insurance cover, etc. (CIB, 1997) To appoint sub-contractors for specific project, a preliminary tenderer list should be prepared by drawing up suitable sub-contractors in the company approved list. Confirmations should be seek from potential tenderers if they are interested to tender.Numbers of tenders in the list should between four and six, for construct only sub-contract. (CIB, 1997) Same as appointing main-contractor, upon complication of tender list, preliminary enquiry should be made with adapted project details given to the proposed tenderers. Information including conditions of contracts, payment terms, amounts of retention, commencement date and completion date of main contract, etc. Clearly state all necessity information helps to reduce disputes between the main contractor and sub-contractors. CIB, 1997) 3. 3. Tender Invitation and Submission As a formal and good practice, a tender documents for acquiring prices is recommended. By using formal tender documents, offers from different sub- contractors are more easily to be analysed. In contrast, some main contractors may preterred simpler procedures such as asking sub-contractors to submit quotation themselves based on information received. However, in this report, formal tendering procedure are referred. For content of the tender documents, its basically the same with those described above in the Main contract section.The tenders are to be sent out with the nvitations and date for submission of tenders should have stated in the invitations. The time for tendering should be 6 weeks for construct only tenders. In case of any queries, the tenderers should submit in writing to request for clarifications from the main contractors. (CIB, 1997) Method statements may be requested to submit from the tenderers to break assess their capability for the work and cost incurred by the main contractor for providing temporary working platform and storage space, etc. 3. . 3 Tender Assessment and Awa rd Like the procedure of selecting Main-contractors, only tenders submit by the ubmission date would be evaluated. Non-price material like method statements should be assessed independently, different methods may affect potential costs incurred by the main-contractor. The priced document will be go through checking process first, any arithmetical errors are to be notified to the tenderer and ask whether he will stands by his tender price, procedures are generally same with those above described for main-contract.If its possible, the tender prices should never be changed if the scope of works remain unchanged. (CIB, 1997) Subcontractors should then be chosen on the basis of the assessment criteria set own before issuing tender documents. The main contractor may arrange tender call into question if he think it is necessary to clarify or amplify the submitted documents. Especially those preliminary items, such as provision of site office, storage, lifting equipment, insurance policy, etc. function for these items should clearly state and agree before awarding contract.Any matters agreed during the interview should be recorded in writing for further reference. If the main contractor has decided to appoint the tenderers as his subcontractors for the projects, the letter of acceptance should be sent as a formal record here. (CIB, 1997) In case the tendering process for sub-contractors start before the award of main- contract and the preferred sub-contractors tender are to be used for main tender submission, the sub-contractor should be notified so the sub-contractor can arrange his resources more efficiently.Upon the acceptance of the main contract tender, the main contractor should also accept that sub-contract tender price agreed before and notify the sub-contractor formally. Letter of acceptance should be sent to the preferred tenderers as a formal contractual record. (CIB, 1997) Conclusions Tendering procedures for main contract and sub contract has been briefly laborated in above passage. Major differences is illustrated by Figure 2 below.Description Sub-contract Compilation of Tenderer List Consultant QS or Employer Main Contractor Tendering Period 8 weeks minimum 6 weeks minimum Nos. of Tenderers Figure 2 affinity of Tendering Procedures For the tenderer list, the one used for ten dering for main contract are usually recommend by the consultant quantity surveyors or the client have its own preferred list, based on reputation. In contrast, each main contractor have its own sub- contractors list based on their specialized trade.For the tendering period, the codes suggested 8 weeks minimum for main contractors to prepare their tender for the Employer while 6 weeks minimum was suggested for sub-contractors to prepare their tender for main contractors. For numbers of tenderers, it is necessary to have sufficient numbers of tenderers to enable a fair competition. Its suggested 4-8 tenders will be enough for tendering of main contracts, depends on the value and nature of the projects. Fewer numbers of tenderers would be enough for selecting sub-contractors, 4-6 tenderers is suggested in the Codes, depends on different trades.

Summer Reading Assignment: About a Boy

Mr. Wilson English 11 5 September 2012 Summer Reading Assignment About a Boy Insensible pass on, who lives comfortably off of the m bingley from a popular Christmas song his father wrote, comes up with the idea to join a Single Parents Alone Together, (SPAT), group in order to pick up single mammys. What he chooses to overlook however, is the fact that he does not have any children. This sparks a reach of events beginning with him meeting Marcus, an awkward young teenage boy who is being raised by a depressed, single mother.Marcus is constantly tormented at shoal and feels as though he has no one to turn to. He becomes very fond of volition who is tolerant with him at first and begins to grow wedded to his high strung personality. Marcus begins to gain confidence, learn how to deal with his mother, and win the affection of an out of dateer punk cradle girl named Ellie at his school. However spending time with Marcus begins to show go away just how empty his lifetime really i s. Marcus and forget cross paths at a SPAT get together when Marcuss mom asks her friend Susie to bring him.That day is the when both Marcus and Wills life change forever. When arriving home from the SPAT party Susie, Marcus, and Will walk into Marcuss mom Fiona passed out in her own vomit. In the mix of it all Marcus doesnt even see that his mom had tried to overdose on pills. From that day forward Marcus constantly unbalanced about his mothers depression instead of worrying about himself, and how he gets picked on prevalent at his school. It wasnt until he met Will that Marcus realized why he was getting picked on.Fiona, Marcuss mom, was in denial and believed that Marcus was just fine wearing ugly shoes, and listening to Mozart. Will helps him to find himself, and to shed his nerdy and dorky skin. As the months passed Marcus began to change and he started hanging out with this punk rocker girl Ellie. At first Marcus believed that he was in love with Ellie and that he could spe nd the rest of his life with her but after taking her to go see his father Marcus realizes she is just too different and crazy. At the end of the novel Will knows for for sure that Marcus will be ok when he complains about Will askingFiona to take out sheet symphony of Marcuss old favorite nerdy singer. He knows the days of Marcus letting kids bully him, steal his shoes, and mock him for his old haircut are gone. Will did not only help Marcus, but Marcus helped him. Before he was ever relate with Marcus, Will was a pot smoking, lazy, self centered person. However after everything he went through with Marcus, Will changed, and for the better. At the end of the novel Will had found love with this beautiful single mother, Rachel. Even Will realized that himself.He had lost his shell and his cool and his distance, and he felt scared and vulnerable, but he got to be with Rachel, and thats all that mattered. Fiona at the beginning of the novel was a suicidal, depressed, and horrible mo ther. Even after difficult to kill herself she was still horrible. She didnt even notice how hard of a time Marcus was having at school and she wanted to take away Will from Marcus when he was the only thing making her son happy. merely as Marcus changed so did Fiona. She was longer so depressed and no longer hated Marcus as her son.Even though she has lost a big part of Marcus, she got to stay away from the hospital because she was no longer depressed. remove makes you flexible, and helps go with the flow. Change makes you smarter. If things never changed, youd never learn anything untested. And every time you learn something new its makes you smarter than you were yesterday. Change reminds us that anything is possible. Its easy to think that anything thats stuck will always be that way. Marcus, Fiona and Will all learned how to improve their lives and it was all because of each other.