Armco. Case

Armco, Inc. (Armco) is the sixth largest producer of stainless, electrical, and carbon steels and steel products. Kansas City Works (Kansas) is the Armco’s Midwestern Steel Division, and has two primary products: grinding media and carbon wire rod, one being recognized in the industry for its durability while the latter being non profitable and only covering some of its fixed costs through volume. In January 1991, Bob Nenni, the Director of Finance, introduced a new performance measurement system for Kansas City Works to provide managers with the best information that would better enable them to boost up company performance.In order to maximize profits and sustain its position in the US manufacturing steel industry, Armco has adopted a cost leadership strategy with a broad appeal and has managed to achieve growth by engaging in joint ventures expanding its product lines in implementing its strategy. However, the Kansas City Works has the strategy based on differentiation becau se it has cost disadvantages such as inefficient plant infrastructure and union labor costs.Taking into consideration that Armco’s revenue has been declining and now only generates a marginal profit whereas Kansas succeeds in producing and selling high value products, Armco as a whole should switch the strategy to focus on the differentiation strategy that will lead to sustainable growth and leading position in the industry. In addition to this inconsistency with the strategies of the firm as a whole, the old management control system used at Kansas had numerous problems that lower the quality of performance measurement.In the old system, the Operating Statics Reports were issued only monthly and provided to the managers approximately 15 days after the following month. The lack of timeliness caused manufacturing results measurement controls to be ineffective because variances could not be investigated quickly. This also caused delay in solving problems and contributed to high er manufacturing expenses in the following month’s financial statements. Also, the old report contained too detailed information and issued that managers do not have control over.It included the same accounting information that was used for other purpose. As a result the numbers included allocations of indirect manufacturing costs. The too detailed information caused distraction from focusing on important issues to less important and less relevant issues. Another problem with the old system was that it failed to measure performance of managers and employees at different levels because of the subjectivity and basis that is not applicable to all employees. Therefore, the old system did not serve as a good results control system due to the inefficiency.Due to the aforementioned problems, a new performance measurement system was introduced to replace the old management system. It was designed to give better management focus on the things, which are most important. The new system included less data’s: it allows managers to focus on the 5-6 more important which cause 80% of the costs. Furthermore, the new system has more balanced set of performance measures, which provides an improved basis for evaluating operating managers and manufacturing supervisors.The design of the new system was more sophisticated than the old one; however, the top management failed to smoothly implement the new system. First, the managers have been working with the old system for a very long time and they are more familiar using the old system. Secondly, the old system suffers from lack of direction as employees did not fully appreciate the relationship between their responsibility and their final results.Due to the lack of explanation to employees, managers kept using the old performance measurement system because they was accustomed and they didn’t know the differences between the two systems, so they never seriously considered improvements that could be made with the new. Therefore, there was a miscommunication between the top management and the middle and lower managers. The lack of information they get leads to poor understanding of the use of the new system and a lack of motivation of middle/lower managers to use it.In conclusion, as managers complained, â€Å"It almost seems like the operating managers finally understood the old report, so they decided change it†, managers did not understand the purpose of writing reports and recognize the importance of specific information in the reports. Thus, more communication was needed to explain the goals and needs of the new system so that middle and lower managers can fully understand expectations for them and take advantage of the new system to improve efficiency. Better communication between management will be achieved by having seminars and meetings where they can have opportunities to share opinions.

Just in Time at Jimmy’s

CHAPTER 15 Lean operations and JIT Short case: Just-in-time at Jimmy’s St James’s Hospital, in Leeds in the north of the UK, affectionately known as ‘Jimmy’s’, is Europe’s largest teaching hospital. It employs around 4500 people to support the 90 000 in-patient treatments per year and over 450 000 total admissions. Under increasing pressure to reduce costs, to contain inventory and to improve service, the Supplies Department has undertaken a major analysis of its activities, to try and adopt some of the ideas from the JIT approach.The initial review highlighted that Jimmy’s had approximately 1500 suppliers of 15 000 different products at a total cost of ? 15 million. Traditionally, the Supplies Department ordered what the doctors asked for, with many cases of similar items supplied by six or more firms. Under a cross-functional task force, comprising both medical and supply staff, a major programme of supplier and product rationalizatio n was undertaken, which also revealed many sources of waste. For example, the team found that wards used as many as 20 different types of gloves, some of which were expensive surgeons’ gloves costing around ? per pair, yet in almost all cases these could be replaced by fewer and cheaper (20 pence) alternatives. Similarly, anaesthetic items which were previously bought from six suppliers, were single-sourced.The savings in purchasing costs, inventory costs and general administration were enormous in themselves, but the higher-order volumes also helped the hospital negotiate for lower prices. Suppliers are also much more willing to deliver frequently in smaller quantities when they know that they are the sole supplier. Peter Beeston, the Supplies Manager, said: ‘We’ve been driven by suppliers for years †¦ hey would insist that we could only purchase in thousands, that we would have to wait weeks, or that they would only deliver on W ednesdays! Now, our selecte d suppliers know that if they perform well, we will assure them of a long-term commitment. I prefer to buy 80 per cent of our requirements from 20 or 30 suppliers, whereas previously, it involved over a hundred. ’ The streamlining of the admissions process also proved fertile ground for improvement along JIT principles. For example, in the Urology Department, one-third of patients for non-urgent surgery found their appointments were being cancelled.One reason for this was that in the time between the consultant saying that an operation was required and the patient arriving at the operating theatre, there were 59 changes in responsibility for the process. The hospital reorganized the process to form a ‘cell’ of four people who were given complete responsibility for admissions to Urology. The cell was located next to the ward and made responsible for all record keeping, planning all operations, ensuring that beds were available as needed, and telling the patient wh en to arrive. As a result, the 59 handovers are now down to 13 and the process is faster, cheaper and more reliable.Jimmy’s also introduced a simple kanban system for some of its local inventory. In Ward 9’s storeroom, for example, there are just two boxes of 10 mm syringes on the shelf. W hen the first is empty, the other is moved forward and the Ward Sister then orders another. The next stage will be to simplify the reordering: empty boxes will be posted outside the store, where codes will be periodically read by the Supplies Department, using a mobile data recorder. Chapter 15: Short case study 1 Copyright  © 2006 Pearson Education Limited Slack: Operations Management, 5th editionThe hospital’s management are convinced of the benefits of their changes. ‘Value for money, not cost cutting, is what this is all about. We are standardizing on buying quality products and now also have more influence on the buying decision †¦ from being previously funct ionally oriented with a number of buyers, we now concentrate on materials management for complete product ranges. The project has been an unmitigated success and although we are only just starting to see the benefits, I would expect savings in cost and in excess inventory to spiral!The report on Sterile Wound Care Packs shows the potential that our team has identified. The ‘old’ pack consisted of four pairs of plastic forceps, cotton wool balls and a plastic pot, which were used with or without additional gloves. This pack cost approximately 60 pence excluding the gloves. The â€Å"new† pack consists of a plastic pot, swabs, etc. , and one pair of latex gloves only. This pack costs approximately 33 pence including gloves. Total target saving is approximately ? 20 000. ’ Chapter 15: Short case study 2 Copyright  © 2006 Pearson Education LimitedSlack: Operations Management, 5th edition Questions 1. List the elements in St James’s new approach which could be seen as deriving from JIT principles of manufacturing. 2. What further ideas from JIT manufacturing do you think could be applied in a hospital setting such as St James’s? Chapter 15: Short case study 3 Copyright  © 2006 Pearson Education Limited Slack: Operations Management, 5th edition Short case: Flexibility helps JIT at L’Oreal L’Oreal cosmetics is now the world’s largest toiletries and cosmetics group, with a presence in over 140 different countries.In the UK, the 45 000 square metre purpose-built facility in mid-Wales produces 1300 product types in a spotlessly clean environment, which is akin to a pharmaceutical plant in terms of hygiene, safety and quality. The plant has 55 production lines and 45 different production processes, and the manufacturing systems employed are of a flexibility that allows them to run each of the 1300 product types every two months – that means over 150 different products each week. But the plant was no t always as flexible as this.It has been forced to enhance its flexibility by the requirement to ship over 80 million items each year. The sheer logistics involved in purchasing, producing, storing and distributing the volume and variety of goods has led to its current focus on introducing JIT principles into the manufacturing process. To help achieve its drive for flexibility and for JIT production, L’Oreal organized the site into three production centres, each autonomous and focused within technical families of products. Their processes and production lines are then further focused within product sub-divisions.Responsible for all the activities within his area, from pre-weighing to dispatch, is the Production Centre Manager, whose role also encompasses staff development, training and motivation. Within the focused production centres, improvement groups have been working on improving shop-floor flexibility, quality and efficiency. One of the projects reduced the setup times on the line which produces hair colourants from 2. 5 hours to only eight minutes. These new changeover times mean that the company can now justify even smaller batches, and may give the company the flexibility to meet market needs just-in-time.Prior to the change in setup time, batch size was 30 000 units; now batches as small as 2000– 3000 units can be produced costeffectively. Chapter 15: Short case study 4 Copyright  © 2006 Pearson Education Limited Slack: Operations Management, 5th edition Questions 1. What did L’Oreal do to help it organize the process of setup reduction? 2. What do you think L’Oreal gained from doing each of these things? 3. If we could halve all changeover times in the factory, what effect would this have on inventory? Chapter 15: Short case study 5 Copyright  © 2006 Pearson Education Limited

Anselms Ontological Argument Essay

St Anselm (1033-1109) fame rests on his belief that faith is prior to reason: â€Å"I do not seek to understand that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand. For this I also believe- that unless I believed, I should not understand†. Anselm employed his powers of reason in order to establish, by rational argument, the existence of God (Ally 2010:62). Anselm’s ontological argument When we are really thinking of something (and not merely uttering the associated verbal symbol), that thinking is our understanding (2010:63). Of course, we need not understand that it exists, for we may be thinking of something which we believe does not exist, or we may be thinking of something of whose existence we are uncertain (2010:63). But in any of these cases, if we are thinking of something, if we understand it, then it, and not something else, is in the understanding (2010:63). This point applies to our thoughts of anything including God (2010:63). However, in the case of God, we are thinking of a unique thing, for we are thinking of the greatest thing conceivable, the being â€Å"than which nothing greater can be conceived†( Stumph & Abel 2002:107). Now if a being exists in the understanding alone, it cannot be the greatest conceivable thing, for a being that exists in reality as well as in the understanding would be greater (2010:63). Consequently, since God is the greatest being conceivable he must exist in reality as well as in our understanding (2010:63). Or, to put it another way, if the greatest conceivable being exists in the understanding alone, then it is not the greatest conceivable being- a conclusion which is absurd (2010:63). Gaunilos objections Do we in fact have an idea of an absolutely perfect being? This was the question posed by Anselm’s contemporary, Gaunilo, who noted that the sceptic who is not convinced of God’s existence would not grant Anselm’s assumption that people have an idea of a most perfect being (2010:63). To this Anselm could have replied that he was not trying to convince sceptics that God exists, but to provide Christians with a rational understanding of Christian truth (â€Å"I do not seek to understand that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand†- Anselm 1987:225). In any case, he would have aintained that he could prove that people have an idea of a perfect being (2010:63). Anselm actually argues that we have various experiences of â€Å"degrees of perfection†- for instance, we experience some things as better or more beautiful than others (2010:64). We can make this kind of relative judgement only because we have a standard of comparison: the idea of absolute perfection (2010:64). It will be seen that the argument here turns on the question how can a finite mind transcend and reach an understanding of an infinite object? 2010:64). What a finite mind feels to be an intellectual grasp of an infinite object may be only an emotive response (2010:64). One ought to remind oneself of the need to distinguish between emotive understanding and the kind of meaning needed for philosophical communication (2010:64). So, although â€Å"most perfect being† has a powerful emotive meaning, has Anselm actually provided this phrase with of a meaning that enables us to discuss â€Å"the most perfect being† philosophically and unemotionally? (2010:64). Is existence indeed an added perfection? That is, is a being that exists necessarily greater (more perfect) than one that does not exist? (2010:64). Allowing that people have an idea of a most perfect being, does it follow that a being corresponding to this idea must exist? (2010:64). Anselm’s assumption is that existence is indeed an â€Å"added perfection† (2010:64). If existence is not an added perfection, there is no contradiction in allowing that the most perfect being exits only as an idea (2010:64). Just because I am thinking of a being, thinking of it as the greatest conceivable being, and thinking of it as existing necessarily, does not provide any evidence that there is actually such a being, for the thought of a necessarily existing being is one thing and necessarily being is another. Conclusion What is significant about Anselm’s attempt to prove God’s existence using reason alone is that it demonstrates the possibility of a distinct contrast between faith and reason (2010:65). Questioning such proofs inevitably raises issues about the relation between faith and reason (2010:65). Even in an age of faith, human beings could not get on without using their reason (2010:65). Clearly, they need to know where reason is appropriately used and where it should be set aside (2010. 65). They need a logical decision process that shows what a valid proof is (2010:65). If this decision process discloses that certain articles of the Christian faith cannot be proved, then they need a theological doctrine that shows how faith and reason are related at the point where reason leaves off and faith takes over (2010:65).

Chautauquas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chautauquas - Essay Example Dilaura explains that note taking process involves writing notes that supplement the lecture notes that will enable effective mastering of the subject under study. Note taking starts by listening and seeing, the art of listening requires that one be active in judging, evaluating and relating the issues being presented. Listening intently enables one to gather the main points that give meaning to the information being provided. Recording of this information is the next step in taking notes. These notes are study aids and therefore they can be graphs, drawings, sketches that illustrate points presented in the lecture (Dilaura 28). A look into the lecture notes after the class is over allows one to fill in the details that are vital in understanding the concepts presented by the lecturer. Formulating questions that aid in the study is the next step of note taking. The questions, drawings, graphs will provide the student with an easier task when going through the notes (Dilaura 33). This also allows one to have knowledge of the areas that may not be clear therefore allowing one to approach their lecturers for assistance. In not taking the key ideas should be separated from the supporting explanations such as drawings, graphs, equations. This is by providing a space between key ideas for these annotations. COA1011 is a course that I find to be the most interesting of all lectures I have attended. This is because it is an engaging course. Apart from providing an understanding of the world of design this course allows one to feed their curiosity by providing students with the chance to air their ideas. It provides an environment for challenging one another in the process of re-inventing the existing ideas. The course encourages aspiring architectures to be critical when making inquiries, when making observations as well as when putting their ideas into creations. Being a supervised

Corporate Social Responsibility Report Assignment

Corporate Social Responsibility Report - Assignment Example Externally the company strives to comply with its legal responsibilities based on law, legislation and its duties as a taxpayer. Still, the company has a responsibility as a member of the society, community and environment which it operates. It has to offer due diligence, care and protection to that environment. Therefore, Total is socially responsible because it has invested heavily in the development of human capital, protecting the environment and its enhancement of how it relates with all its stakeholders. The company treats all its stakeholders in a manner deemed acceptable in a civilized society. The business is economically profitable, adheres to the rule of law, ethical and socially supportive. The multinational covers all the four tenets of corporate social responsibility which explains the success in its operations.Taking into consideration that CSR is a designed policy to ensure that public interest is promoted proactively so that the growth and development of the communit y is realized, I would market the CSR of Total as a member of the marketing team in the following ways. ... This applies to a company operating in vice products like Total that has faced so many environmental suits due to oil spills before. As a result of this Total has an opportunity to still penetrate the market. Secondly I would strive to make the customers feel fulfilled, this is derived from the fact that customers normally only purchase products that is vast in its CSR activities (Hopkins, 2004). This makes the customer feel a sense of gratitude and fulfillment hence loyalty to a company. It is important for the public to understand the CSR activities of the business because; as a result, most customers will always want to associate with companies that return back to the society apart from just making profits. The customer loyalty created ensures increased consistent sales making CSR a very powerful marketing tool for most companies and Total in specific. As has already been mentioned, CSR will also make customers feel a sense of gratitude and fulfillment. This has the potential impa ct of product patronage hence translating into brand and loyalty to the company. Intensified CSR is able to calm down the perception of the public in the event of a large public relations crisis hence lessen the impacts of the negative publicity (Hopkins, 2004). As it has been witnessed CSR has the power to benefit both the society and the environment on legal, moral and ethical basis apart from the contributions of the same to economic growth and development. The results of CSR are far-reaching as it surpasses its impacts on mere individuals and localities. It crises crosses the whole society, communities and a whole large settlements. CSR policies, programs and processes are strategic and has a series of business related benefits to the operations of any form of profit oriented

Differences Between Groups and Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Differences Between Groups and Teams - Essay Example A group can be defined as the formation of two or more people working together to achieve a common goal (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, 2003, p.172). Groups can be either formal or informal. Any gathering of multiple employees constitutes a group. When the manager arranges a meeting with the employees the leader is directing his message towards a group. There are five stages that characterize the formation of a group. The stages of group formation are forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjuring. During the norming stage the employee build a bond of trust between them and the other members that helps improve the overall performance. The size of the group is an important factor to consider. The optimal size of a group is between seven to eight members. Group decision making can be improved using techniques such as brainstorming, nominal group technique, and Delphi technique. A team is a type of formal group in which the members work together to accomplish common goals. One of the major differences between a group and a team is that in team settings individual and group accountability exists (Katzenback & Smith, 1993). Companies create teams for strategic purposes, while most work groups are formulated to accomplish specific tasks. Teams tend to be formulated to achieve long term tasks. For example a company can create a quality control team to reduce product defects. Work groups are different because they are typically formed to achieve short term goals. Another discrepancy between teams and groups is the way they operate. The five steps of the participation process of team members are illustrated below: An important aspect of teamwork is the necessity of leadership to manifest itself. Due to the nature of teamwork employees are able to exert leadership while working in settings even if the person is not the official team leader.

The Town Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Town - Essay Example But, life has a lot to offer him for this deal. Ben Affleck, Jeremy Renner and Rebecca Hall have given outstanding performances with strong grip on dialogue delivery and with the perfect British-Irish accents. However, the film is categorized under the crime drama but Affleck has tried to put extra efforts to make this movie out of the crime culture (Roger Ebert). This is another directorial attempt by Ben Affleck after his movie, Gone Baby Gone. The movie is inspired by another crime novel. The main theme of the movie revolves around the story of a young criminal guy who is so willing to change the entire scenario of his life but after the one last attempt of his job. Affleck has used the traditional Irish American touch to add the reality into a real Boston life. The movie is based on the novel by Chuck Hogan known as Prince of Thieves. The main theme of the movie moves around the neighborhood of Charlestown. The title of the movies explains a lot about the robbery being the ultimate fabric of the society there. The main character Doug MacRay which is played by Ben Affleck himself is a person who is involved in various criminal activities. James Coughlin is his partner in crime; who is smart enough to use his childhood friend Doug MacRay as a tool to achieve his meandrous goals. In the first scene of this thriller action-packed crime drama, Jem is shown beating a bank’s employee in a robbery attempt. During this robbery attempt, Jem takes a hostage; the branch manager named Claire whom he releases soon. However, realizing the fact that Claire won’t open her mouth in front of any FBI special Agent; Jem wants to make sure that she would keep her mouth close as long as Doug promises that he would take care of her. The scene lacks the basic approach to enhance the real thrill and action in the movie. The movie is derailed from the action thriller drama to somewhat romance-action drama that highlights the

Analysis & Discussion about gold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis & Discussion about gold - Essay Example People value gold and perceive it to a sign of purity and success. It is a metal used for jewelry, as investments and also as monetary exchange. Gold jewelers are considered to be the most successful business as they deal in something that has only seen appreciation in value most of the time. The value of gold is quoted in financial news and it fluctuates on daily basis. The gold rates are quoted for price in dollars for gold bullion which is the raw form of the metal. All countries publish gold prices in their respective currency on daily basis. Analysts link the value to the international gold rates quoted in the global markets. The market generally shows an upward trend of the gold prices but its fluctuations are based on the demand and supply of the metal itself. The sudden surge in the gold price is attributed to the shortage of this metal as compared to its demand. But some analysts argue that gold hoarders have led to artificial price hike at times. Although international laws and regulations keep a check on the gold prices and monitor its trading in a prudent manner. Gold was used as reserve currency for many decades. The use of gold coins and issuance of money equivalent to the gold reserve has been a very common in the past. In the second half of the nineteenth century an international gold standard was established. â€Å"The gold standard was created by the free market, the citizenry, and it operates to manage the supply of paper currency under self adjusting market system.† (Lewis 103) The use of gold as a monetary exchange was abolished and replaced by fiat currencies in the 20th century. Before currencies were convertible into gold but the declining gold reserves and the increasing international trading required currency interchange and thus currencies were made legal tenders by the government and were used for transaction and reserve purposes. â€Å"The price of a thing at any moment is determined by the quantity of money which has to be given for it, but ‘the quantity of money’ is a magnitude, which is in part determined by the nature of the unit of account employed.† (Gregory 4) The price of currencies previously was linked with gold and the purchasing power of the currency would be maintained in terms of gold. The same amount of currency, irrespective o f its metallic weight, whether it is a coin or a note, would be convertible to the same amount of gold. Thus the purchasing power in terms of the value of gold would be same and this determined the value of currency as well as the gold prices. But the scarcity of gold mines and deposits around the world has lead government to remove the gold and currency purchasing power equation and has made the paper currency a legal tender for all the transactions. The same amount of currency will have the same purchasing power or not cannot be guaranteed in the fiat - legal tender currency system. The gold has now become a commodity of exchange rather than i ts previous function of maintaining currencies purchasing power. â€Å"In today’s government controlled fiat money system, gold has lost its monetary function. However, gold has remained a kind of ultimate means of payment, protecting investors against financial crises and inflation.† (Belke & Polleit 13) People buy gold jewels, gold bars and gold coins from the investment point of view. The investment options may differ for

Field Experience Observation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Field Experience Observation Report - Essay Example I believe that my teacher is dealing with student differences due to the readings and aspects that we have learned and the way class learning takes place. Such as the concept of self takes into account gender and racial identities and their differences. Even William James’s explanation of self-concept relates to all groups because everyone has multiple selves and an aspiration of where they want to be, and everyone becomes more aware of themselves and how they act as they grow older. However, this time span of middle adolescence or early adolescence traits may differ from culture to culture; in some cultures, awareness comes before others due to the conditions in their society or their familial upbringing and these aspects should also be covered and be taken into account in the classroom while reacting to the behavior of the students or grading them Self-esteem is also a relative concept; therefore, diverse or not diverse, it is an individualistic character that cannot be gene ralized even for a race, so it is difficult to encompass and generalize for races; however, the basic trend of high esteem is correlated to positive trends. Global esteem is also considered in the text therefore I think that the teacher addresses the issue in text but practically does not build up that esteem in the classroom for students of different races. (Tesser, Felson, & Suls, 2000) The building of identity reading also takes into account the difference between men and women in the building of identity; the basic steps are the same, but what is more important for women is interpersonal factors, and as recent study shows, both inter and intra personal factors. Even in gender roles, the reading explored that for females there is greater flexibility in the world, and so is there flexibility for adolescents. In the classroom however I haven’t observed this, in fact there is greater flexibility for males. However, these gender roles are not universal, and they differ from cu lture to culture. Some cultures believe in the equality of men and women, and some societies are entirely male dominated. Another weakness of the reading is that there is a comparison between the West and the rest. In the rest there is a wide variety of races and cultures which are worlds apart and cannot simply be combined in the ‘rest’ and which are not taken into account in the classroom. Different communities also have different problem solving strategies, whereas only Berke’s social problem solving steps are outlined and followed in the class. However, the universal belief is that one must not only understand their own needs, but as they develop, they should be able to take into account the perspectives of others and thus develop ‘multiple perspectives.’ The teacher herself should also have this view. Piaget and Kohlberg are also renowned psychologists not just in the western society but all over the world; and, even though deviations exist with in an individual who may even be in the western society, generally their principles are universally accepted. In the classroom they are followed to the book and practicality seems to be missing. Teen problems may also be different for different cultures. In the west, the problems may be teen pregnancy and unhealthy sexual behavior, whereas in other societies, such as more conservative ones, the problems may be that girls are too modern, they wish to do what they like, and in poor countries it may that teens do not get

Social institution - health-care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social institution - health-care - Essay Example the theory also views that the study of the social world can be free of value because the investigators value will not interfere with the impartial search for social laws that oversee the behavior pattern of a social system. The theory of functionalism is closely associated with the ideas of Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist who is among the pioneers who used scientific as well as statistic research in sociological researches (FUNCTIONALISM). The second theory of social conflict is dependent on the ideas of Karl Marx. It gives importance to a materialistic interpretation of the history as well as includes a dialectical method used for analysis, a critical approach towards existing social commitments, and the last but not the least, a political program that may lead to revolution. The materialistic viewpoint of history is based on the assumption that the most important aspect of social life is work that people do. This is the work that is related for satisfying the basic necessities of life that includes food, shelter and clothing. According to Marx, work is always socially organized and the technology that is used in the production process will have a strong impact on each and every aspect of the society. Everything that has a value in the society is a result of human labor. Working men and women are making the society for their own existence (CONFLICT THEORY). The theory of interactionism was further developed by Karp and Yoels. This theory can be applied to every area of sociology. This theory clearly states that people make social constructions of reality. These are just interpretations of what actually happens in a society. According to symbolic interaction theory, interaction requires shared meanings of social conditions. When people make interpretation about events and contexts, they confer the actual meaning of their situations and react according to those interpretations. Interpretation made here is based on verbal and non verbal signals. The

Prejudice and Stereotyping in Society Essay Example for Free

Prejudice and Stereotyping in Society Essay Stereotyping is a form of prejudice and is also the root of racism and discrimination. A stereotype usually applies to a whole group of people who do something in a certain way. To them, it seems natural, but to some people its weird. Often, a name is given to the group, and to every individual. For example, nerd is the stereotype name for someone who is usually a computer whizz and cant play sport very well. This however isnt always true, because many people are computer whizzes and also good at sports. But, if you saw someone who you didnt know come to school with disks and computer stuff, you would probably say, hes a nerd, or shes a nerd. The problem with that is that you are making a judgement of their personality without actually knowing what they are like. Another real-life example is towards blonde haired people, women in particular. One journalist went for a weekend with blonde hair, rather than her usual brunette look, and noticed that no-one took her ideas seriously. Thats what stereotypes are all about. When society has an exaggerated idea about a group of people, when you see someone who seems to fit the description you judge them as that stereotype. Some stereotypes are called labels, because its literally like a label stuck to you. Theres no harm in making that point, but labels can also be a name for an individual. For example, if someone was known as Lazy- Bones, it means that they dont always do their part of the job, let the team down, and anything else that can be connected with being lazy. That person now has two choices: one is to actually live out their label and turn into a big lazy person, or they can fight back and prove that they arent lazy. Most stereotypes focus on the bad things about someones personality, or not necessarily bad, but more like an area that theyre not strong in. If someone gets labelled for something they cant do, it could have bad psychological effects on them. This is a way of bullying. Another way that stereotyping can have a bullying effect is when there is a social stereotype of how men or women, boys or girls are supposed to behave, and one individual doesnt fit the stereotype, people treat them like a weirdo. No-one really has to behave in a certain way and we are much too complex to be neatly shelved under a few stupid labels, as if there are only a few types of people instead of many different ones. Another problem with stereotypes is when it affects a whole group of people, such as the 19th. Century Irish. Back then the Irish had a reputation of being heavy drinkers, lazy, unreliable, troublesome, violent, and dishonest people. This meant that most of them fitted those stereotypes. For those who didnt, the fact that the stereotype existed didnt make it any easier for them to get employment as opposed to say, an Italian, whos stereotype was(still is) hardworking, honest and reliable. The good Irelander might have fit the Italian stereotype, but as soon as the employee hears Irish they discard them. In light of the recent terrorism attacks in America, many people have become prejudiced towards Muslims, since the terrorist agency is believed to be Muslim. Fortunately, this situation hasnt become too out of hand because political leaders such as President Bush of the USA have made us realize that it wasnt caused by every single Muslim, but only a handful in comparison, and if anyone is to pay for it, it is the terrorists themselves. But what is it that makes us want to label, stereotype, and pre-judge? It is all part of an important process called Generalisation. Just about everyone has this ability to generalise. Generalising is an involuntary process that takes place in our minds. It is related to learning from experience and predicting the future. We can make a generalisation about fire, that it burns and could kill you if you let it. We know this from seeing things like logs or paper burning up, or say, if you put your finger into a flame and it burns your finger. Heat and pain. Now, from your experience with fire, you can say, fires are hot, and they hurt you. So when you see a fire, you know that you shouldnt touch it. Saying that fires are hot is a prejudice, but it isnt racist towards fires or bigotry. If we didnt have the ability to generalise, wed put our finger in the fire every time we see one because wed never learn that fires can kill or hurt you. As you can see here, generalisation is an invaluable survival tool. This same principle can apply to people. If you told someone a secret, and they told everyone else, next time you have a secret, you know who not to tell. Racism is when you look at the way a certain culture/race/ethnic group do things differently to how your group might do them. This escalates to superiority, believing that your group is more important and better and more valuable than the other groups, and not accepting that they say, the your opinion doesnt count syndrome, commonly known as bigotry. The most visible example of bigotry in practice is probably in the days of slavery in the United States, and the apartheid in South Africa. In America, the black people were discriminated against, forced into slavery, even sold in auctions as slaves. In South Africa, the Afrikaners (white South Africans) passed laws that restricted what black people could do. The apartheid plan was to send the natives back into their part of Africa, even though they had been in South African territory ages before the Afrikaners were even dreamed of. Bigotry is an often cruel practice but the people it affects more often than not find the strength to persevere with the oppressors, and eventually win in the end. In conclusion to all this we realize that making generalisations is important, but it is also abused to become racism, labelling, and bigotry.

Treaty of Versailles Essay Example for Free

Treaty of Versailles Essay As solders on the battlefields celebrated, families reunited, and the unlucky ones mourned, the war was finally over, as of 11 o clock on the morning of November 11th in 1918 (Vaughan, 1-2). The solders that survived came home, and the unlucky ones did not; some families united, and other families mourned for their loved ones. Everybody started celebrating the end of the first major war, where so many young lives were lost; so many people were permanently scarred for life or suffered horrible war-injuries (Vaughan, 1-2). The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty formed at the end of World War I, which many historians say caused the next major war, WWII. The reason for this, they say, is because of too many harsh laws included in the treaty, which put the full blame of Germany. Germany was blamed, because they lost the war, and so every other country used them as easy scapegoat, for all of the damage and loss of lives that had just happened. Of course as the scapegoat, Germany was forced and had to pay huge amounts of reparation fees and had to give up most of their land for no real apparent reason (Vaughan, 1-2). All of these heavy burdens and mistakes were just being thrown on the Germans and their nation for no other reason than the fact that they had lost the war. Germany did not even start the war, at a matter of fact (abid). Two month later, after WWI, leaders gathered in Paris to make a treaty, the treaty of Versailles. This treaty like all treaties in history, was to help maintain peace and to prevent war. But in this case, it is not the same. The treaty actually encouraged war, than to prevent it (nv.cc.va.us). In a palace near Paris, France called Versailles, the new treaty was created. Named after the place it was written it, the treaty of Versailles was supposed to have a goal, which was of course to maintain the peace for as long as possible, like all treaties ever made. But which of course, less than twenty years went by, until the whole world experienced the biggest and deadliest war that they had ever seen, WWII (Mayer, 3365). This deadly war, WWII, affected at least every country in the world in one way or another and  the death number was in the millions. So therefore and obliviously the treaty did not do a very good (Vaughan, 1-2). The leaders who met to sign the treaty were known to the world as the Big Four, basically because the fate of Germany was put into their hands, and later the fate of WWII. This Big Four included these popular leaders: Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), the president of the United States at the time, David Lloyd George (1863-1945), who was the prime minister of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929), who was the premier of France), and finally, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1860-1952), the premier of France. Another name, which was not with or in the Big Four was Ulrich Von Brockdoff-Rantzau (1869-1928), and he was the leader of delegation; foreign minister who was given the treaty on behalf of Germany. He was the person who had to accept the terms or Germany would be completely annihilated (learn.co.uk). Many historians ask if the four leaders or idealists were, in definite seeking a just and lasting peace, or were they more concerned with vengeance and assurances of national security (Vaughan, 1-2)? The historians that said this quote thought that the leaders only were concerned with vengeances, and not assurances of national security, which they probably were. Many people say that the leaders were not trying to punish Germany for the cause of war, because everyone already knew that Germany in fact did not cause it, but actually were trying to help themselves to free German land and their money. Nobody really knows what were going in the minds of the Big Four, except for them, but everyone does know that whatever it was, it caused a great deal of tensions and, between Germany and the rest of Europe. (abid) A great example of a person trying to get free land at the time the treaty was being made was Georges Clemenceau, the premier of France. He wanted to detach the Rhineland, and wanted to post that in the treaty, but the president of the United States at that time, Woodrow Wilson, knew what he was up to. He knew that the premier has been looking for a way to annex Saar Basin from Germany from in which rich resource would be taken from (bbc.co.uk). The one and probably the only one positive result from WWI, was the beginning of the League of Nations, formed and organized by Woodrow Wilson, of the United States. Woodrow formed this organization which supported a way for nations and leaders throughout the world, to come together and talk instead of fight. It was a way to prevent war, basically. Woodrow Wilson invited all countries to join the league instead of use arms. Unfortunately many did not join and the idea thus became weak, just like the organization (learn.co.uk). In fact the person who created it, Woodrow Wilson withdrew from his own organization. This was after some of the other leaders wanted the organization to be restricted and not welcome Germany or other weak countries. These leaders liked Woodrows idea, except they wanted it to be an exclusive organization, and did not have the same idea as Woodrow did on this. So without the U.S. or Russia, the organization became weak, until of course W.W.II, where it was brought back up again. The League of Nations was and still is today, one of mankinds attempts to find a means of abolishing war, and maintaining peace for as long as possible (learn.co.uk). The League of Nations was a way for leaders all around the world to talk about the problem at hand, instead to quickly take arms, and cause violence. Thus this is one of mankinds attempts to maintain peace and avoid violence throughout the world. This peace treaty was acclaimed as the single official document that had the most influence on shaping the events (Vaughan, 3). The events that Vaughan was talking about, was of course WWII, and the treaty was famous, or acclaimed for causing or shaping the next war. Somewhere between the first major war, and twenty years after that, the next major war, the treaty took affect. People, mostly the Germans felt betrayed and vengeful, because of the presented treaty. In those twenty years, the treaty of Versailles was ignored and not in any way enforced by anyone. The treaty basically did not have any positive value and instead only had negative affects. For example, it made all German citizens angry, and lead up to dictatorship, or Hitler. Therefore many say that the treaty caused more harm than good, if any good at all (abid). The treaty statements would have been harsh and difficult for anyone, not just Germany, to handle. The treaty was composed of exactly 440 articles, maps, and illustrations which all commanded or told Germany what to do and what to give up (lib.byu). The list of the changes was long and harsh. The Big Four were busy making changes and playing with Germanys eastern borders, such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Rumania, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, Estonia, and the Rhineland (Mayer, 3365). All of these were either taken away from Germany, or were affected in some way by the terms of the treaty, as stated in Articles 27-30. The four leaders did not just want reparations, which were high enough, but even wanted to punish their enemies by taking away their land. Some countries were annexed away completely, and others were taken away from only in some parts, and all of the annexed areas were distributed among the countries that won. Ports, waterways, and even railways, all of which were German property, in the beginning, were now divided equally (Mayer, 3365). Also, the treaty talks about reducing Germanys military, naval and Germanys air-force (Articles 159 through 213), but of course since the treaty was never enforced, Hitler, who comes into play much later, does not even pay much attention to these rules (momo.essortment). On September 14, 1930, the new Nazi party was elected, and whenever Hitler, the ruler or dictator of the party, broke a rule stated in the treaty, the Germany people liked Hitler even more, because they despised the treaty. So thus everyone encouraged Hitler to build up his army, airplanes, and submarines (momo.essortment). How did Hitler come into power, and cause the deaths of billions around the world, ask historians. Or more important, how did this the treaty of Versailles affect Hitler or make him popular with the people? Well, the money was a big problem. The leaders made Germany deeply into debt, with their high-reparation fees. This of course would lead Germanys economy to  be dangerously low (Cecil, 20). The German money value decreased and the affect of that made many go into poverty. Many were asking why pay so much, even if their country did not start the war. Many lost jobs or committed suicides even, because problems were so bad (abid). So that is why the people hated the treaty of Versailles so much, especially since the treaty told them that money was not enough, and Germany had to give away their land, for free. This treaty caused not only bitterness at first, but made Europe grow a continued tension [that lasted] for the next two decades (Vaughan, 2) The treaty caused these tensions which builded and grew larger in the people, which resulted in a huge war, WWII. The people grew hatred, and did not know who to blame for all of this. Their hatred and anger turned on their government, which currently was the Weimar Republic (bbc. co.uk). During the time period of 1919 and 1923, the uprisings and trouble grew larger. Many revolutions and protests happened in the streets, all against their government. Groups like the communists, and others, like the right-wing nationalists tried to take advantage of this opportunity, by trying to overthrow the government and rule it for themselves [Everyone] blamed the government for accepting the treaty and tried to overthrow [them] (bbc.co.uk). The people or citizens did not know who to blame for the punishment that was put on them for no reason, so the people turned on their own government, and blamed them. At this time, where these uprisings were happening, a person by the name of Adolf Hitler was currently working as a spy at several anti-Semitic groups, in 1919. After fighting in WWI and suffering from poison gas, he was looking for some extra money and a temporary job from the German army, so he went and spied on these groups. Only two years later though, in 1921, his interest grew; he joined the party and soon became their leader (bbc.co.uk). As leader, Hitler tried to get as many people to join his party, as possible. He did things like change the name of the party, which included words like socialists, and nationalists so that the name would attract more people. Also he spoke to mass-audiences, and made speeches on how he would revive Germanys respect, and rule Germanys empire for more than 1,000  years (abid). Eventually, he got elected into power with the help of a friend, Paul von Hindenburg. But after he died, Hitler took the chance and became the new consensus successor or dictator. He had obtained full control over the country. After taking care of some business and eliminating those who opposed him (other parties and government institutions), he put Mein Kampf, his first plan, into full affect. This plan, was world domination and Hitler outlined this to his army generals, on November, 1937 (remember). Hitler did not just want to conquer more lands or get back the land stolen from them, but from his anti-Semitic values that he learned while working as a spy, he created dozens of death camps wherever his empire expanded to. Millions of people send to these death traps to die, and the only reason that they were sent to die was because they were considered inferior. Inferior, meaning a different religion, race, etc. (remember). Jews, homosexuals, and even the mentally handicapped were all targeted, considered to be inferior in the eyes of the racist Nazis, were all killed because of who they were, and for no other reason than that(abid). So in conclusion, did the so called peace treaty help in maintaining peace or bringing about conditions that helped Adolph Hitler rise to power to get revenge. German citizens thought that that all the stuff that Hitler was doing such as expanding Germany and killing millions was just or right; was just a common reaction from the many harsh laws inside the treaty. The people never thought that Hitler was too out of line, because they might have been too vengeful themselves or didnt have anything else on their mind, except hatred. Of course, not until the end of WWII, did everyone find the death camps, and what Hitler was really doing behind their backs. Adolph Hitler opposed the treaty while he was in power, and was supported by the Germans for so long, because of that, say historians (remember). For instance, every time he broke a law from the treaty, such as increasing his army, or expanding his borders, he would became more popular with his own people. Hitler played a significant role in causing World War II, less than twenty years later the terms of the treaty were written (abid). The person who wrote this quote told an obvious fact, Hitler did not jut play a significant role in the war, he basically caused the entire war himself. The  treaty of Versailles had ended WWI, in which millions of people, mostly young, fought and died in the belief that they were defending their homelands, their families, and their people, would soon cause another deadly war, this war even more deadlier than before. Millions of young lives and fellow citizens believed in slogans that yelled to them. Loud slogans on posters and bulletins yelled and predicted WWI to be, the war to end all wars, or the war to make the world safe for democracy (nv.cc.va.us). WWI was named these two things at the time, probably to enlist more and more people, but which of course both did not come true. WWI was not the war to end all wars, nor was it, the war that made it s afe for democracy.

Healthy Food Options for College Students

Healthy Food Options for College Students Priya Gunasekaran Purpose Statement/ Research questions The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of college students living arrangements (independent variable) of food consumption (dependent variable), based on a college campus (the research site). Fruits and vegetables vs processed foods (control variable) focuses on modifying college students dietary intake and preferences in dining halls. The independent variable(s) living arrangements was defined as college students living in residential halls, living in a rented apartment (off campus), and living with their family. (El Ansari et al., 2012; Laska et al., 2010; Ridell et al., 2011). The dependent variable(s) will be food consumption defined as measuring the amount of foods consume through meals. (El Ansari et al., 2012). The control and intervening variable(s), fruits and vegetables (identify the control and intervening variables) will be defined as the daily average intake serving of fruits and vegetables consumed. Boek et al., 2012; El Ansari et al., 2012; Graham et al. , 2013; ODonnell et al., 2014; Yeh et al., 2010 ). This study will contribute to enhancing healthier food options for college students as well as to meet their nutritional needs. Also, a food frequency survey will be utilized to access how often do college students consume healthier options vs processed food based on their living arrangements. Research Questions Does living arrangement impact college students food consumption on healthier foods vs processed foods at campus dining halls? Null Hypothesis: There is no difference between choosing processed foods or healthier foods in college students food consumption based on living arrangement. Alternative Hypothesis: There is a difference between choosing processed foods or healthier foods in college students food consumption based on living arrangement. Hypothesis: College students with better food consumption are likely to consume more fruits and vegetables than processed foods that are unhealthy. Descriptive Questions 1. How does living arrangement affect college student food choices? 2. What are the factors that influence food consumption on college students? 3. How do college students rate on fruits and vegetable consumption vs processed foods based on their living arrangements? Inferential Question 1. How does food consumption depend on living arrangements on college students? 2. Does the consumption of fruits and vegetables help college student make smart, healthy food choices than choosing processed foods? References Boek, S., Bianco-Simeral, S., Chan, K., Goto, K. (2012). Gender and Race are Significant  Determinants of Students Food Choices on a College Campus. Journal of Nutrition  Education and Behavior, 44372-378. Retrieved from:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22607739 Boucher, D., Gagne, C., Cote, F. (2015). Effect of an intervention mapping approach to  promote the consumption of fruits and vegetables among young adults in junior college:  A quasi-experimental study. Psychology Health, (11), 1306. Retrieved from:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25970738 El Ansari, W., Stock, C., Mikolajczyk Rafael, T. (2012). Relationships between food  consumption and living arrangements among university students in four European  countries A cross-sectional study. Nutrition Journal, Vol 11, Iss 1, P 28 (2012), (1), 28.  Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420253/ Fernandes, A. C., de Oliveira, R. C., Rodrigues, V. M., Fiates, G. R., da Costa Proenà §a, R. P.  (2015). Perceptions of university students regarding calories, food healthiness, and the  importance of calorie information in menu labelling. Appetite. Retrieved from:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25865662 Graham, D. J., Pelletier, J. E., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Lust, K., Laska, M. N. (2013). Research:  Perceived Social-Ecological Factors Associated with Fruit and Vegetable Purchasing,  Preparation, and Consumption among Young Adults. Journal of The Academy of  Nutrition and Dietetics, 1131366-1374. Retrieved from:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23958116 Laska, M. N., Larson, N. I., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M. (2010). Dietary patterns and  home food availability during emerging adulthood: do they differ by living situation? Public Health Nutrition, 13 (2), 222-228. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2931267/   ODonnell, S., Greene, G. W., Blissmer, B. (2014). The Effect of Goal Setting on Fruit and  Vegetable Consumption and Physical Activity Level in a Web-Based Intervention.  Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior, 46 (6), 570-575. Retrieved from:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857600   Riddell, L. J., Ang, B., Keast, R. S., Hunter, W. (2011). Research report: Impact of living  arrangements and nationality on food habits and nutrient intakes in young adults.  Appetite, 56726-731. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21349307   Yeh, M., Matsumori, B., Obenchain, J., Viladrich, A., Das, D., Navder, K. (2010). Validity of  a Competing Food Choice Construct regarding Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among  Urban College Freshmen. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42 (5), 321-327.  Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20655281  

Mortar Exam 0341 Essay -- essays research papers

0341 NCO Exam 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the Marine Corps' leadership traits?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judgment, Justice, Decisiveness, Integrity, Discipline, Tact, Initiative, Enthusiasm, Bearing, Unselfishness, Courage, Knowledge, Loyalty, Endurance 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the purpose of an NCO?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To train and supervise subordinate Marines 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the maximum effective range of the M249 SAW?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,000 m 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the sustained rate of fire of the M249?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  85 rounds per minute 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What determines a hot barrel for the M249?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  200 rounds in 2 minutes 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the maximum effective range of the M203 grenade launcher?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Area Target: 350 m; Point Target: 150 m 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the characteristics of the M252 81mm mortar?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded, high-angle-of-fire weapon, consisting of a cannon, mount, baseplate, and sight unit. 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the nomenclature of the M252 81mm mortar components?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  M253 mortar cannon, M177 mortar mount, M3A1 baseplate, M64A1 sight unit 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the weights of each of these components?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cannon--35 lbs, bipod--27 lbs, baseplate--29 lbs, sight--2.5 lbs 10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How many mils of elevation does the sight have?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  about 800 mils or 0800-1600 mils 11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How many mils of traverse does the sight have?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6400 mils 12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One turn on the traverse handwheel equals how many mils?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 mils 13  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does boresighting do to the weapon system?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  removes the error between the barrel and sight to produce more accurate fire 14  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does reciprocally laying the mortars in a section do?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  it puts every mortar on the same azimuth of fire 15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the two methods to reciprocally lay a mortar?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ... ...ound do you use for screening, incendiary action, & signaling?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smoke 58  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White phosphorous is stored with the fuze end in what direction?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Up 59  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the purpose of camouflage?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To provide you with cover and concealment 60  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Angle T?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When there is more than 500 mils difference between the gun target line and the observer target line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Practical Application  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adjust indirect fire  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lay a mortar with a lensatic compass  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Translate a fire command  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compute firing data with a plotting board  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pass a gunner’s exam  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Dylan Thomas Essay -- essays research papers

Despite Dylan Thomas’ often obscure images, he expresses a clear message of religious devotion in many of his poems. He creates images that reflect God’s connection with the earth and body. In “And death shall have no dominion,'; Thomas portrays the redemption of the soul in death, and the soul’s liberation into harmony with nature and God. Thomas best depicts his beliefs, though abstract and complicated, to the reader with the use of analogies and images of God’s presence in nature. Appreciating the virtue of humility in “Shall gods be said to thump the clouds,'; Thomas associates God with thunder, rainbows, and night only to remind us that He is even more present in a simple stone as He is in other great entities. In “The force that through the green fuse drives the flower,'; Thomas again makes the connection of body and earth, implying that there is only one holy force that has created all motion and life on this planet. This force, becaus e it is so pure and boundless, is present in the shadows and poverty of our world, as depicted in “Light breaks where no sun shines.'; God’s sacred presence in the body and earth is the ultimate theme within these chosen poems. In “The force that through the green fuse drives the flower,'; Dylan Thomas illustrates the connection between the earth, the body, and God. He discusses how both nature and man are propelled by the same holy force and therefore are united. He does not propose the question of how the stem grows to create a flower or how blood circulates within the body, but rather what is the ultimate force behind all motion and life on the earth. “The force that through the green fuse drives the flower / Drives my green age/…The force that drives the water through the rocks / Drives my red blood;'; In these analogies, Thomas humbles the human race and depicts God’s presence in all natural things, including humans. Thomas reveals that we are not a separate entity, but only part of a greater existence. Aside from the holy force that propels the world, Thomas also examines how we alter the way our lives should naturally progress. Death is a stage of life; as a rose is bent or killed by the cold so should we age and eventually die in due time. However, Thomas analyzes human and natural... ...s,'; and “waste allotments.'; This stanza is the most important because it claims that “When logics die, / The secret soil grows through the eye, / And blood jumps in the sun.'; Making the final connection with the holy presence in the earth that grows up through the body and into the brain, Thomas conveys that God will save us and be there when we are empty and he will bless us at times when we need it most. In these poems and many others, Dylan Thomas expresses God’s presence and unconditional love for everyone. He has conventional spiritual views, occasionally alluding to the Bible, but his images are unique. He describes heaven with the stars and the wind, and connects God with thunder, rainbows, and gravel. Using the motion and life on the earth, Dylan Thomas facilitates these concrete ideas to describe his abstract spiritual beliefs. Nature is an ideal way to describe God because He is present everywhere on our earth. Whether it be the soul’s redemption into heaven with God and the earth or God’s great force that creates all motion on the planet, His presence is the theme that Dylan Thomas expresses best of all of his poetry.

Red Badge Of Courage Essay -- essays research papers

The Red Badge Of Courage The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane outlines the effects of war on a Union soldier, Henry Fleming, from his dreams of being a soldier, to his enlistment, and through several battles of the Civil War. Henry Fleming was not happy with his boring life on the farm. He wanted to become a hero in war and have girls loving him for his big achievements in battle. He knew his mother would not like to see him go to war, but it was his decision to make. He dreamed of the exiting battles of war and the thrill of fighting magnificent battles. He didn't want to stay on the farm with nothing to do, so he made the final decision to enlist. After enlisting he finds himself just sitting around with nothing to do. He manages to make friends with two other soldiers, John Wilson and Jim Conklin. Wilson was as exited about going to war like Henry, while Jim was positive about the success of the new regiment. Henry started to realize after a few days of marching, that their regiment was just wandering pointlessly, and going in circles. They kept marching on without fighting. During time Henry started to think about the battles in a different way, he started to become afraid that he might run from battle when duty calls. When the regiment finally learns of a battle taking place, Jim gives Henry a little packet in a yellow envelope, telling Henry that this will be his first and last battle. The regiment managed to hold off the rebels for the first charge, but then ...

Argument for Market Segmentation

Market segmentation is the process of dividing the market according to similarities that exist among the various subgroups within the market. The similarities may be common characteristics, or common needs and desires. (All Business – Directory Of Business Terms 2011) Market segmentation has become an important function in the banking industry because of the existence of intense competition, not only within the industry but also from the likes of finance and insurance companies. Banks deal with various types of customers e. g. , individuals, group of people, corporate entities, etc. ho all have their likes and dislikes. No bank can afford to assess the need of each and every individual customer separately. It is nearly impossible for banks to market all these categories of customers on a one-to-one basis, particularly if they simply rely on predictable socio-economic data like age and income as the base for dividing customers into segments. To overcome this problem, a bank must adopt a market segmentation strategy, which recognises the wisdom of specialising to suit the need of a segment of the market rather than trying to address the requirements of each and every customer separately. Spark Slide 43 highlights that ‘segmentation is needed because; you cannot be all things to all people’. Market segmentation enables more accurate and effective communication of benefits in relation to needs. Market segmentation would also help the bank or any organisation identify growth opportunities. ?Market of banking products can be segmented in a number of different ways. Market segmentation must have certain qualities that make it possible to specialise the marketing approaches. The segmentation must be measurable in terms of the criteria used for segmentation; accessible through the distribution system; and sizable in volume in order to generate the economy of operations. One of the rational ways of segmentation could be dividing the banking market into retail and wholesale market. With market segmentation a bank can gain a competitive edge by programming different marketing strategies for customers of different segments. It could be argued that a bank segments its market into more or less homogeneous groups, in terms of their needs and expectations from the banking industry. With out market segmentation, organisations do not fully understand their market, their competitors’ strategies, and their own customer and prospect base, meaning they are simply not equipped to compete effectively. Their attempts to attract customers will be fruitless, both because the propositions are not sufficiently targeted to be fully relevant to the majority of customers, but also because the communications and channel activities aimed at customer acquisition will lack focus and relevance.

Health Care Dysfunctions and their Solutions

The American health care system has been previously bragged as the most excellent around the world until the emergence and realization of its major dysfunctions. The increasing number of American people who still could not afford the high cost of the health care system as well as the obvious problems within the structure itself is concrete manifestations that the existing health care program is no longer working to the advantage of the people.In fact, the alarming reality of the escalating health care price and its apparent inaccessibility definitely comprise a valid predicament particularly dysfunctions in the health care system. In any dilemma, there are possible solutions and however difficult, concerned people including authorities and those belonging in the health care industry need to continue look for ways to address and eventually solve the system’s failures.This is because in doing so, the health care system’s objectives to advocate excellent health among peopl e, be accessible and for it to be at reasonable price will ultimately become a reality hence paving way for the rectification of health care dysfunctions. Hence, the said factors are what the readers will be able to learn from the topic of health care system ultimately paving the way for the essential understanding of its dysfunctions and needed solutions.Health Care System, an OverviewThrough a comparison of the different health care structures of a variety of countries, relevant survey results indicated the true nature of a high-quality and reasonable health care system. The pieces of information and ideas resulting from such studies have signified a clear assessment of the health care systems of the United States and several countries as regard concerns about its price, accessibility, quality and choice of people but most importantly the effectiveness of the system in creating good health among people (â€Å"The U. S. health Care System: Best in the World, or Just the Most Expen sive? †, 2001).Citing the statistical report by the World Health Organization on some 191 member countries, the global health body was able to create three major objectives which also serve as the factors to be considered for a country’s health care system to be considered as good and fair. These include the health care program’s promotion of good health hence â€Å"making the health status of the entire population as good as possible† (cited in â€Å"The U. S. health Care System: Best in the World, or Just the Most Expensive?† 2001).Responsiveness is also a requirement where the system needs to respond to people’s prospects of appropriate health management and the corresponding orientation by health care providers to their respective public. Health care system should also be rational or fair in its costs and financing thereby assuring the financial protection of people and wherein its costs determined and spread based from a client’s financial capacity (â€Å"The U. S. health Care System: Best in the World, or Just the Most Expensive?†, 2001).Hence, the health care system’s general and excellent characteristic could be best yet simply exemplified in a way that it should supposedly deal with failures concerning its price, worth, convenience and variety. Health Care Dysfunctions Failures in the health care system are already evident even for the past years. Citing the Census Bureau, Davidz (2007) reported that there were already close to 47 million Americans who were not insured or not part of the country’s health care system for at least the past two years.While the statistics is only around 15 percent of the overall American population, recent records have shown that the percentage is likely to increase taking into consideration the significant dysfunctions of the system. Davidz also mentioned an economist’s observation that health care malfunction is characterized by too expensive or unaffordable health care program. However, the author noted that a possible plan to make a program reasonably priced discourages the provision of health care as it will slash into the enormous, untaxed privileges offered to those belonging to the top structure of an organization (Davidz, 2007).In essence, this cost-related failure of health care is an essential element which needs to be resolved. A personal experience or observation proves this particular dysfunction. In the State of California alone, approximately seven million residents do not have health coverage or health care program. The number is regarded to be the country’s biggest uninsured public and that the uncontrollably increasing price has been noted to be the main detrimental factor which pressures the inexpensiveness of any health care.While the emergence of the so-called â€Å"year of health reform† in California guarantees change in the system, it is still unfortunate to note that other equally-impo rtant health care dysfunctions continue to be unaddressed. Aside from the failure of making the system affordable, other malfunctions include the need for the system to be of high quality, accessible and provider of different selections where a person has diversity in choosing what health care plan is best fitting (Smith, 2007).Meanwhile, the accessibility failure of the American heath care only proved that the country is the only developed nation, aside from South Africa, which fails to give such benefit to its people. In contrast, the government only provides a mixture of insurance coverage offered by private organizations which is determined according to one’s employment as well as some government-based health programs which cater to active and retired military personnel, handicapped and deprived citizens. Such dysfunction forms severe breach as far as the accessibility of the insurance coverage.Coupled this with the cost fiasco, more people eventually let go of their resp ective health care program (â€Å"The U. S. health Care System: Best in the World, or Just the Most Expensive? †, 2001). A research has also proven that Americans are provided with only half of the suggested and supposed health care. Such study was determined based from the rising proofs of quality-related dysfunction in the American health care system. This also showed that a health program does not ensure one from getting quality care (Napier, 2006).Additionally, the system only poses harm to patients because it fails to live up to what is expected and that extensive quality-related issues are manifested by the rising number of medical blunders. Such error is due to the fact that people are provided with the misleading notion of service quality instead of the needed clinical or medical quality (â€Å"American families deserve quality health care,† 2007). Solutions to Health Care Dysfunctions Possible solutions were already provided such as overhauling the system wher ein the new administration commits to make health care program carry a high cost tag (Feld, 2009).However, what are needed are concrete solutions which aim to finally get to the bottom of this issue. Specifically as regard the quality of the health care, medical blunders need to be avoided through correct diagnosis, surgery and medication. These can be particularly done by creating and implementing means to track such clinical mistakes which will make health providers liable for the blunder as well as also ensuring the best quality among medical personnel making them fit for their work (â€Å"American families deserve quality health care,† 2007).As for the high cost, there is a need to limit the price of medical technologies, services and medication thereby ensuring the benefit of both the health care providers and clients. Aside from private-based health programs, government-initiated plans need to be more diverse offering easier access to almost sectors of the society such as children (Davidz, 2007). Finally, giving people with free choice of suitable health care program and provider will be another significant step to completely address, if not resolve the problem.Conclusion A nation’s health care system is expected to be free of dysfunctions in order to attain the good well-being of people. While failures in the system are inevitable, what is important and required are that the needed solutions are clearly identified and effectively implemented.References Davidz, E. (2007). Diagnosing the problem but not the remedy. Retrieved January 13, 2009, from http://www. marketwatch. com/news/story/healthcare-problems-agreed-solutions-not/story. Feld, S. (2009, January 11).Congressional Budget Office Reveals Budget Hurdles in Financing Healthcare Reform. Message posted to http://stanleyfeldmdmace. typepad. com/ Napier, M. (2006).All Americans at risk of receiving poor quality health care. Retrieved January 13, 2009, from http://www. rwjf. org/files/publ ications/other/asch_nejm_20060316. pdf National Partnership for Women & Families. (2007).American families deserve quality health care. Retrieved January 13, 2009, from http://www. nationalpartnership. org/site/PageServer? pagename=qcn_factsheet_poorquality Smith, M. D. (2007).Health Care Reform 2007: Defining Problems, Examining Solutions. Retrieved January 12, 2009, from http://www. chcf. org/topics/view. cfm? itemID=132238 University of Maine. (2001).The U. S. Health Care System: Best in the World, or Just the Most Expensive?. Orono, Maine: Bureau of Labor Education.

Scramble For Africa DBQ

European powers gave the illus. on of choice to the people and then backed them up with torture and bullets when they rises De. African Nations responded to colonization efforts by holding on to their religious bell fees and through militaristic resistance while other just remained to their destined faith that WA s set up to them by European Powers. In order to better analyze this issue, it would be helpful to have a document that is a response from African merchants that detailed the possible e economic consequences of European Colonization.Many Africans saw that that their fate had been made as soon as the European powers marched in and began occupying and colonizing their lands so they g eve in without a fight at all. The Royal Niger Company, commissioned by the British government NT to administer and develop the Niger River delta and surrounding areas and many African rue leers signed the form in 1886(Doc 1). Many African leaders just signed their lands away not eve en standing u p for their lands they just subsided with the British thinking things would be bet terror them if they just have in when in reality it didn't make anything better.Shanty leader Premier I turned down an offer that would protect him and his people. But he also said that â€Å"at the same time remain friendly with all White men†(Doc 2). Premier may have not agree De to the British logic of protection but he did want to remain friendly with the whites which t urine out to be a major flaw for the Chiantis. Next, Indians Kamala and African veteran of the Needle Rebellion tells how his people surrendered to the white people and tried to live e their lives as normal as they possibly could(Doc 4).Once again the Africans just submitted t o the their fate Mr. Sullivan and attempted to live their lives as normal Africans. They might as well as off get for their lives and freedom because they were treated as slaves and when an unrecognized r billion broke out against the Europeans, the Eu ropeans quickly overpowered them and ma y Africans died. This was described by Indians Kamala as † They-?the White men-?fought t us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles.Many Of our people were killed in this fight: I s away four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated†(Doc 4 Lastly, Samuel Marcher a leader of the Hero people described in a letter to another African leader how â€Å"All our obedience and patience with the Germans is of little avail, for each h day they shoot someone dead for no reason at 7). Many people in Africa just b Egan giving in to all the changes that were taking place around them by European powers.

Personal Safety

STATE UNIVERSITY 2011 Bulletin for Students and Parents Personal Safety on Campus July 14, 2011 Overview State University prides itself as having one of the safest campuses in the entire northeast. Still, it cannot be stressed enough that personal safety, either on campus or off, is a shared responsibility. Students must understand that our campus security measures are only as effective as the precautions students take to ensure their own safety. In response to concerns over a 2010 incident in which a male student was accosted and robbed by a local resident, State University has prepared this bulletin as a primer on personal safety.Please talk with your student before the 2011—2012 school year begins about this increasingly important issue. If you have questions or specific concerns, please feel free to call our Campus Security Department at (555)  555. 1212. A Message from the President: —————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- At State University, we consider the safety of our students and faculty of utmost importance. During the first week of classes, we will be offering daily seminars on campus safety. Students are strongly encouraged to attend one of these sessions. Personal Safety Know Your SurroundingsIf you detect suspicious activity, act immediately to remove yourself from danger. If you find yourself in a dangerous situation, follow these steps: 1. Trust your instincts and don’t take unnecessary risks. 2. Call for attention while moving to a lighted or populated area. 3. Call campus police (x1099) or 911. 4. If there is a fire alarm nearby, activate it. 5. If necessary, defend yourself with your keys or a pen. 6. Get yourself out of the situation as quickly as possible. At Home Discuss safety issues with your roommates and make sure you all have an understanding when it comes to safety.Agree to keep doors and windows locked, especially at night. Ke ep important safety numbers near your phone (see the end of this bulletin). Never open the door for strangers or let strangers into the building, even if they claim to be friends with a resident. Take the following individual precautions: * Never leave messages on your door announcing your whereabouts. * Always have your keys ready before reaching the door. * Never loan your keys to anyone. * Never prop open an entry door. * Do not write your name or address on your keys. * Report any defective locks immediately. Property SafetyPerhaps the most common yet preventable crime on college campuses is property theft. Following is a list of the most commonly stolen items: * * MP3 players * Cash * Jewelry * Bicycles * Skateboards * Laptops * Wallets/Purses * Backpacks * CDs/DVDs * Books * Cell phones * Credit cards Take the same precautions you would use to protect yourself. There is no need for flashy or expensive jewelry on campus; leave especially valuable jewelry in the safety of your h ome. Remember that you have to rely not only on yourself taking precautions, but also your roommates being responsible for your belongings, so discuss this with them.Never carry large amounts of cash and never leave your belongings unattended in the library or other common areas. Keep a list of serial numbers in case stolen property is recovered. Consider registering your bicycle with the SUCSS–sponsored retrieval program. Common Safety Tips * Always carry your cell phone. Important numbers are given at the end of this bulletin. * Carry a safety whistle, available free of charge at the Student Center. * Learn to defend yourself with unconventional weapons, such as your keys or a pen. * Avoid walking alone or in poorly lit areas at night.Use the â€Å"Buddy System. † * If you must walk at night, get a portable flashlight. * Be prepared. Know how you will respond beforehand. * Consider taking a self-defense course. * Keep your purse or handbag draped over your shoulder. * Never hitch a ride with someone you do not know. * If walking or jogging near the road, always face oncoming traffic. Important Numbers Campus PDx1099Strickland Hall, 211 City Police91134 Post Road Fire Dept555. 31237 Post Road Hospital555. 123419 Liberty Street Campus MDx1010Strickland Hall, 110

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 30

Though Damon wanted to die alone, I had unfinished business to attend to. I made my way from the quarry and began to walk back to the estate. The woods smelled like smoke, and the leaves were starting to turn. They crunched under the worn boots I had on my feet, and I remembered all the times Damon and I had played hide-and-seek as children. I wondered if he had any regrets, or if he felt as empty as I did. I wondered if we'd see each other in Heaven, being as we were. I walked toward the house. The carriage house was charred and burned, its beams exposed like a skeleton. Several of the statues around the labyrinth were broken, and torches and debris littered the once-lush lawn. But the porch light at the main house was on, and a buggy stood at attention beneath the portico. I walked around the back and heard voices coming from the porch. Immediately, I dove under the hedges. Hidden by the leaves, I crawled on my hands and knees against the wall until I came to the bay window that looked into the porch. Peering in, I made out the shadow of my father. A single candle cast weak beams of light around the room, and I noticed that Alfred wasn't in his normal spot sitting at the door, ready to instantly greet guests. I wondered if any of the servants had been killed. â€Å"More brandy, Jonathan? Laced with vervain. Not that we need to worry anymore,† Father said, his words floating out the door. â€Å"Thank you, Giuseppe. And thank you for having me here. I realize you have much on your mind,† answered Jonathan somberly, as he accepted the tumbler. I saw the concern etched on Jonathan's face, and my heart went out to him for the terrible truth he'd had to learn about Pearl. â€Å"Y Thank you,† Father said, waving off the es. thought. â€Å"But it's important that we end this sad chapter of our town's history. It is the one thing I want to do for my sons. After all, I do not want the Salvatore legacy to be that of demon sympathizers.† Father cleared his throat. â€Å"So the battle of Willow Creek happened when a group of Union insurgents mounted an attack on the Confederate camp,† he began in his sonorous baritone voice, as if telling a story. â€Å"And Stefan and Damon hid out in the woods to see if they could find any rogue soldiers, and at that point †¦,† Jonathan continued. â€Å"At that point they were tragically killed, just like the twenty-three other civilians who died for their country and their beliefs. It was a Confederate victory, but it came at the cost of innocent lives,† Father said, raising his voice as if to make himself believe the story he was weaving. â€Å"Y And I'll speak with the Hagertys about es. creating a monument. Something to acknowledge this terrible period in our town's history,† Jonathan murmured. I raised myself up on my knees, peeking through a spot at the corner of the window. I saw Father nodding in satisfaction, and cold seeped through my veins. So this was the legacy of my death–that I was killed by a band of degenerate soldiers. Now I knew I needed to speak to Father more than ever. He needed to hear the whole truth, to know that Damon and I weren't sympathizers, to know that the problem could have been cured without so much bloodshed and violence. â€Å"But Giuseppe †¦ ?† Jonathan asked, taking a long drink from his tumbler. â€Å"Y Jonathan?† es, â€Å"It is a triumphant moment in our town's history. The vampires are destroyed, and their bodies will turn to dust. We rid the town of the scourge, and thanks to the burning of the church, it will never come back. There were hard choices and heroism, but we won. That is your legacy,† Jonathan said as he slammed his ledger closed with a definitive thump. Father nodded and drained his own tumbler, then stood up. â€Å"Thank you,† he said, holding out his hand. I watched as the two men shook hands, then watched as Jonathan disappeared into the shadows of the house. A moment later, I heard his carriage being hitched and the horses riding away. I crawled to the edge of the hedgerow. I stood up, my knees creaking, and walked through the door and into the house that was once mine.

Market research 1 -The marketing research process,scope etc for your Essay

Market research 1 -The marketing research process,scope etc for your chosen scenario - Essay Example Simultaneously, the applicability of various techniques for the proposed study will be studied and the best method will be identified. The market research is meant to identify the requirements of the customers visiting a bank. The research attempts to identify the importance the customers gave towards features like security of transmission, the customer-banker relationship, the bank’s array of services, and foothold amongst other factors. The research will not be testing as to how the customers actually perceive the services provided by the bankers, but just their expectations. The research will make an attempt to form conclusions to identify areas where the bankers should focus upon. Bank customers demand a varied type of services from their banks apart from the traditional ones they already provide. One of the most important among them is a hassle free and fast transfer of our funds. An ideal way of transferring funds is to convert physical money to an electronic one that can facilitate a large number of aspects ranging from increased efficiency in money transmission, low transaction cost in money transmission, expansion of economic activities on the internet and opening up of new businesses opportunities. However, these increased facilities are not free of problems. The most important one that the bank customers face is related to security issues. Another problem often faced by bank customers throughout the world is that of a weak customer-management relationship. People are very concerned about their hard-earned money, and often seek expert advice on them issues related to their investment. It is expected from the bank management to enrich them with their experience. But often it is found that the banks fail to attain friendly terms with their customers that would provide the latter with the freedom to interact. (Susan Ward, Customer Relationship

Comparative Analysis of Christianity and Islam Essay

Comparative Analysis of Christianity and Islam - Essay Example The essay "Comparative Analysis of Christianity and Islam" aims to develop a comparative analysis of the Christian and Muslim belief system or philosophies as pertains to the concept of spiritualism, and how the philosophies manifest themselves. The key questions suggested by James Sire in understanding the concept of worldview. A focus on the aspect of prime reality is important to start with. God is the prime reality for Christians while for the Muslims, it is Allah. God and Allah are perceived as the supernatural being that determines all conditions or situations that humans experience. Muslims have their prayer, referred to as Du’a, which seeks to ask Allah to heal the sick people. The prayer of Du’a can be traced from the Quran 21:83-84; the prayer of Prophet Ayyub. The verses state: â€Å"Truly distress has seized me, but You are Most Merciful of those that are merciful†. It is inscribed that the early Muslims would seek the advice of Prophet Muhammad whene ver they were sick. The prophet would thus recite one of these Du’as for them while touching the area of pain: â€Å"Oh Allah! The Sustainer of Mankind! Remove the illness, cure the disease. You are the One Who cures. There is no cure except Your cure. Grant us a cure that leaves no illness†. Christians also pray to their God to heal the sick. During the days of Jesus, he healed many people with prayer. Psalms 41:3 has the recognition of God as a healer. The verse notes: â€Å"The LORD sustains them on their sickbed and restores them from their bed of illness†.

Criminal Law Prosecutors Perspective Research Paper

Criminal Law Prosecutors Perspective - Research Paper Example Accordingly, this brief essay will examine the moral and ethical ramifications, as well as unique perspectives, that the prosecuting attorney faces with relation to the many different cases that are brought before him/her. The fact of the matter is that the role of the prosecuting attorney is oftentimes equally ethically grey as that of the defense attorney. This is due to a number of reasons which will be detailed in the following analysis. Furthermore, the underlying motives of the prosecutor will be analyzed along with commonly held misconceptions regarding the nature of their work and the type of justice that they are tasked with upholding. Firstly, a prosecuting attorney is encouraged to obtain convictions; regardless of the level of guilt. This encourages a situation in which many individuals are punished for crimes they either did not commit or did not commit to the degree that the State is interested in punishing them for. Furthermore, the drive to obtain convictions oftentimes dulls the sense of justice that the State should ultimately be pursuing. As prosecuting attorneys are interested in increasing their overall conviction tally, they are oftentimes oblivious to the legality and/or legitimacy of the cases that they prosecute. A further complication of the role and perspective of a prosecutor is the fact that they are often encouraged to disregard the moral standard in which a certain crime is prescribed to be punished. What is meant by this is that the prosecuting attorney is intimately aware of the penalty for infraction of a given law; however, this penalty is not always upheld when it comes time to prosecute the crime (Silbert 1718). The reason for this can be any number of things from the fact that the criminal has agreed to cooperate with the prosecution, another party involved has chosen to inform the authorities as to the specific details and nature of

Pathophysiology of Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease Research Paper

Pathophysiology of Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease - Research Paper Example Alzheimer’s is normally classified into three different groups; Early onset, Late onset and familial. This paper analyses the dimensions of late onset Alzheimer’s. Pathophysiology of "Late Onset" Alzheimer's Disease It is estimated that more than 4.5 million people in America alone experiencing Alzheimer’s currently. Doraiswamy et al, (2009) have mentioned that Alzheimer’s can occur even at the age of forties or fifties (Doraiswamy et al, 2009, xvii). However, about 90% of the Alzheimer’s disease patients are victims of "Late Onset" Alzheimer's. Alzheimer's victims of more than 65 years of age are normally included in the category of Late Onset" Alzheimer's. Only 10% of Alzheimer's victims are below the age of 65. Normally people below the age of 65 suffers Alzheimer’s because of Down syndrome. This type of Alzheimer’s is known as Early onset Alzheimer’s. On the other hand, "Late Onset" Alzheimer's disease is caused by hereditar y and environmental factors. A third type of Alzheimer’s is known as Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). In the case of FAD patients, the disease is caused by family history or hereditary. ... It has the ability to recollect everything in the distant memory while facing problems in recollecting information stored in the recent memory. Bonda et al. (2010) pointed out the imbalances between mitochondrial fission and fusion of cell proliferation as the reason for Alzheimer’s. â€Å"Specifically, the dynamic balance of fission and fusion in AD is greatly shifted toward fission, and, as a result, affected neurons contain abnormal mitochondria that are unable to meet the metabolic demands of the cell†(p.181). It should be noted that fission is the process of breaking of cells whereas fusion is the process of combining cells. Both fission and fusion are necessary body mechanisms to maintain good memory. However, in the case of patients with Alzheimer’s fission mechanism occurs more while fusion mechanism occurs less. As a result of that cell proliferation procedures will be troubled and the communication though neurons become defective. It should be noted tha t neurons are responsible for sending instructions from the brain to different parts of body. This communication process may become defective because of the imbalances in fusion and fission. Risk Factors Advanced age is the primary risk factor for AD; risk doubles every 5 years after the age of 65. Additional risk factors include having a first-degree relative with AD; Down syndrome; head trauma; certain environmental exposures, including metals, infection, and toxins; decreased estrogen levels; and mutations in the APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, or APOE genes. Cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance), depression, and certain lifestyle choices (e.g.,